Question

explain assessment in extreme heat conditions​

Answer 1

Answer:

A series of unusually hot days is referred to as an extreme heat event. Extreme heat conditions are defined as weather that is much hotter than average for a particular time and place—and sometimes more humid, too.

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Answer 2

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Significance

• Heat early warning systems and action plans have been shown to reduce risks of heat exposure, and best practice recommends that plans be built around local epidemiologic evidence and emergency management capacity. This evaluation provides useful information for heat early warning system and action plan administrators regarding the temperature ranges at which health impacts are manifest, the morbidity outcomes most sensitive to heat, and alignment between alert thresholds and temperatures at which disease burden is most pronounced. The results suggest opportunities for improvement and for refinement of prevention messaging as well as coordination between meteorological and public health authorities at multiple levels before, during, and after periods of extreme heat.

Abstract

• Heat early warning systems and action plans use temperature thresholds to trigger warnings and risk communication. In this study, we conduct multistate analyses, exploring associations between heat and all-cause and cause-specific hospitalizations, to inform the design and development of heat–health early warning systems. We used a two-stage analysis to estimate heat–health risk relationships between heat index and hospitalizations in 1,617 counties in the United States for 2003–2012. The first stage involved a county-level time series quasi-Poisson regression, using a distributed lag nonlinear model, to estimate heat–health associations. The second stage involved a multivariate random-effects meta-analysis to pool county-specific exposure–response associations across larger geographic scales, such as by state or climate region. Using results from this two-stage analysis, we identified heat index ranges that correspond with significant heat-attributable burden. We then compared those with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service (NWS) heat alert criteria used during the same time period. Associations between heat index and cause-specific hospitalizations vary widely by geography and health outcome. Heat-attributable burden starts to occur at moderately hot heat index values, which in some regions are below the alert ranges used by the NWS during the study time period. Locally specific health evidence can beneficially inform and calibrate heat alert criteria. A synchronization of health findings with traditional weather forecasting efforts could be critical in the development of effective heat–health early warning systems.

public healthextreme heatpublic policyevidence-based decision makingearly warning systems

• Extreme heat is an established hazard. Risk for a range of conditions is associated with extreme heat exposure (1, 2), including morbidity from heat illness (3), electrolyte and renal dysfunction (4, 5), and exacerbations of chronic respiratory (6) and cardiovascular (7) disease, as well as all-cause mortality (3). The association between the particular temperatures at which risks are manifested and the magnitude of the effects vary regionally due to acclimatization, air conditioning prevalence, demography, and other factors (8).

• Successful risk management varies by setting and includes prevention strategies ranging from engineering controls such as air conditioning, management controls such as shifts in work schedules and activity restrictions, and behavioral controls encouraged through heat early warning systems and action plans (9). These systems and plans are activities that link forecasts of heat exposure with risk communication and risk reduction activities aimed at reducing exposure and limiting adverse health impacts among the exposed such as cooling centers, neighbor check-ins, and maintenance of air conditioning availability (10), which have been linked with reduced morbidity and mortality.

• Given variability in temperature thresholds at which risks increase, one central consideration in heat early warning systems is the threshold at which warnings should be issued (11). Guidance recommends setting thresholds based on analysis of associations between heat exposure (measured using a variety of metrics) and adverse health effects (9). In the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Weather Service (NWS) issues excessive heat watch, warning, and heat advisory alerts as weather conditions warrant. While NWS provides guidance to its Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs) on appropriate thresholds for issuing these alerts, WFOs are encouraged to work with local officials to define locally appropriate alert thresholds (12).

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