Question

Explain aufbau principle with suitable example.

Answer 1

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The aufbau principle states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy levels before occupying higher levels. For example, the 1s shell is filled before the 2s subshell is occupied. In this way, the electrons of an atom or ion form the most stable electron configuration possible.

Aufbau is a German noun that means construction or "building-up". The aufbau principle is sometimes called the building-up principle or the Aufbau rule. Since the name originates from German, despite it being a common noun, it should be capitalised in English.

The details of this "building-up" tendency are described mathematically by atomic orbital functions. Electron behavior is elaborated by other principles of atomic physics, such as Hund's rule and the Pauli exclusion principle. Hund's rule asserts that even if multiple orbitals of the same energy are available, electrons fill unoccupied orbitals first, before reusing orbitals occupied by other electrons. But, according to the Pauli exclusion principle, in order for electrons to occupy the same orbital, they must have different spins (−1/2 and 1/2).

As we pass from one element to another of next higher atomic number, one electron is added each time to the atom. The maximum number of electrons in any shell is 2n2, where n is the principal quantum number. The maximum number of electrons in a subshell (s, p, d or f) is equal to 2(2ℓ+1) where ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3... Thus these subshells can have a maximum of 2, 6, 10 and 14 electrons respectively. In the ground state the electronic configuration can be built up by placing electrons in the lowest available orbitals until the total number of electrons added is equal to the atomic number. This is called the Aufbau principle (the German word Aufbau means building up).Thus orbitals are filled in the order of increasing energy, using two general rules to help predict electronic configurations:-

1. Electrons are assigned to orbitals in order of increasing value of (n+ℓ).
2. For subshells with the same value of (n+ℓ), electrons are assigned first to the sub shell with lower n.
A version of the aufbau principle known as the nuclear shell model is used to predict the configuration of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

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Answer 2

Aufbau's Principle -

• Aufbau's principle or Aufbau's rule states that in the ground state of the atom or ion, the electrons fill the subshells of lowest energy followed by subshells of a higher state.
• In this way, the electrons of atoms or ions from the most stable electronic configuration
• The electron is placed in the lowest available subshell until the total number of electrons added is equal to its atomic number.
• For example - The element phosphorus with atomic number 15 has an electronic configuration -

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

• Thus, subshells are filled in increasing order of energy, according to the following two rules -
• (1) Electrons are assigned to subshells in increasing order of n+l
• (2) For subshells with an equal value of n+l, electrons are assigned first to subshells with lower n

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