explain breakup of caliphate and rise of sultanate
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Answer:
Causes for the Break-up of the Caliphate
1. In 810, a civil war broke out between supporters of Aminand Mamun, sons of the caliph Harun al-Rashid, which deepened thefactionalism and created a new power bloc of Turkish slave officers.
2. A number of minor dynasties arose, such as the Tahirids and Samanids in Khurasan and Transoxiana andthe Tulunids in Egypt and Syria. Abbasid power was soon limited tocentral Iraq and western Iran.
3. In 945 theBuyids, a Shiite clan from the Caspian region of Iran capturedBaghdad. Theykept the Abbasid caliph as the symbolic head of their Sunni subjects.
4. The Fatimids, the descendantsof Fatima, the Prophet’s daughter claimed that they are the sole rightful rulers of Islam. From their base in North Africa,they conquered Egypt in 969 and established the Fatimid caliphate.
5. TheTurks were nomadic tribes from the Central Asian steppes who gradually converted to Islam. They were skilledriders and warriors and entered the Abbasid, Samanid and Buyidadministrations as slaves and soldiers, rising to high positions onaccount of their loyalty and military abilities.
The Rise of Sultanates
1. The Ghaznavid sultanatewas established by Alptegin (961) and it was consolidated by Mahmud ofGhazni. Ghaznavids were a militarydynasty with a professional army of Turks and Indians.
2. The Abbasidcaliphs were not rivals but a source of legitimacy for Ghaznavids.Mahmudof Ghazniwasconscious of being the son of a slave and was especially eager to receivethe title of Sultan from the caliph.
3. The caliph was willing to supportthe Sunni Ghaznavid as a counterweight to Shiite power.The Saljuq Turks entered Turan as soldiers in the armies of theSamanids and Qarakhanids. They later established themselves as a powerful group under theleadership of two brothers, Tughril and Chaghri Beg.
4. Takingadvantage of the chaos following the death of Mahmud of Ghazni,theSaljuq Turks conquered Khurasan in 1037 and made Nishapur theirfirst capital. The Saljuqs next turned their attention to westernPersia and Iraq (ruled by the Buyids) and in 1055, restored Baghdadto Sunni rule.
5. The caliph, al-Qaim, conferred on Tughril Beg thetitle of Sultan in a move that marked the separation of religious andpolitical authority. The two Saljuq brothers ruled together inaccordance with the tribal notion of rule by the family as a whole.
Answer:
cause for the breakup of caliphate.
In 810 civil war break out between supporters supporters of Aminand Mamun sons of The caliph
Harun Al Rashid which depended the factionalism and created a new power block of Turkish slave offices
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