Environmental Sciences, asked by landgeavesh, 20 hours ago

explain briefly primary meteorological parameters temperature, wind direction, wind speed and wind pattern​

Answers

Answered by srinivasraopatlori00
1

Explanation:

Air movements influence the fate of air pollutants. So any study of air pollution should include a study of the local weather patterns (meteorology).

If the air is calm and pollutants cannot disperse, then the concentration of these pollutants will build up. On the other hand, when strong, turbulent winds blow, pollutants disperse quickly, resulting in lower pollutant concentrations.

Meteorological data helps:

identify the source of pollutants

predict air pollution events such as inversions and high-pollutant concentration days

simulate and predict air quality using computer models.

When studying air quality, it is important to measure the following factors as they can help us understand the chemical reactions that occur in the atmosphere:

  1. wind speed and direction
  2. temperature
  3. humidity
  4. rainfall
  5. solar radiation.

wind speed and direction:

When high pollutant concentrations occur at a monitoring station, wind data records can determine the general direction and area of the emissions. Identifying the sources means planning to reduce the impacts on air quality can take place.

An instrument called an anemometer measures wind speed. At our monitoring stations, the type of anemometer we use is a sonic anemometer.

A sonic anemometer operates on the principle that the speed of wind affects the time it takes for sound to travel from one point to another. Sound travelling with the wind will take less time than sound travelling into the wind. By measuring sound wave speeds in 2 different directions at the same time, sonic anemometers can measure both wind speed and direction.

temperature:

Measuring temperature supports air quality assessment, air quality modelling and forecasting activities.

Temperature and sunlight (solar radiation) play an important role in the chemical reactions that occur in the atmosphere to form photochemical smog from other pollutants.

Favourable conditions can lead to increased concentrations of smog.

The most common way of measuring temperature is to use a material with a resistance that changes with temperature, such as platinum wire. A sensor measures this change and converts it into a temperature reading.

humidity:

Like temperature and solar radiation, water vapour plays an important role in many thermal and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. As water molecules are small and highly polar, they can bind strongly to many substances. If attached to particles suspended in the air they can significantly increase the amount of light scattered by the particles (measuring visibility). If the water molecules attach to corrosive gases, such as sulfur dioxide, the gas will dissolve in the water and form an acid solution that can damage health and property.

Water vapour content of air is reported as a percentage of the saturation vapour pressure of water at a given temperature. This is the relative humidity. The amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is highly variable—it depends on geographic location, how close water bodies are, wind direction and air temperature. Relative humidity is generally higher during summer when temperature and rainfall are also at their highest.

Measuring humidity uses the absorption properties of a polymer film. The film either absorbs or loses water vapour as the relative humidity of the ambient air changes. A sensor measures these changes and converts them into a humidity reading.

rain fall:

Rain has a 'scavenging' effect when it washes particulate matter out of the atmosphere and dissolves gaseous pollutants. Removing particles improves visibility. Where there is frequent high rainfall, air quality is generally better.

If the rain dissolves gaseous pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, it can form acid rain resulting in potential damage to materials or vegetation.

A common method to measure rainfall is to use a tipping bucket rain gauge—see illustration.

solar radiation:

It is important to monitor solar radiation for use in modelling photochemical smog events, as the intensity of sunlight has an important influence on the rate of the chemical reactions that produce the smog. The cloudiness of the sky, time of day and geographic location all affect sunlight intensity.

An instrument called a pyranometer measures solar radiation from the output of a type of silicon cell sensor.

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