Explain briefly the following early forms of computer 1.abacus 2.mechanical calculator 3.mechanical computer 4.von Neumann machine
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A mechanical computer is built from mechanical components such as levers and gears, rather than electronic components. The most common examples are adding machines and mechanical counters, which use the turning of gears to increment output displays.
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the abacus was one of the first adding machines. The abacus is made out of beads strung by several wires. The position of a bead determines its value. Thus a few beads are required to represent large numbers. Contrast this to the Roman system of counting where different symbols were used to represent larger and larger numbers.
mechanical calculator, or calculating machine, is a mechanical device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic automatically. Most mechanical calculators were comparable in size to small desktop computers and have been rendered obsolete by the advent of the electronic calculator.
In 1837, Charles Babbage proposed the first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained an ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), basic flow control, punch cards (inspired by the Jacquard Loom), and integrated memory. It is the first general-purpose computer concept.
The von Neumann model, based on the von Neumann machine architecture, has been an enduring model of sequential computations. It has continued to allow “a diverse and chaotic software to run efficiently on a diverse and chaotic world of hardware” [492]. The model has endured the rapid pace of technological changes since 1947 when ENIAC performed the first Monte Carlo simulations for the Manhattan Project [216]. One of the brilliant features of the von Neumann model is its clairvoyance, the ability to remain consistent in the face of later concepts such as memory hierarchies, certainly not available in mid 1940s. This model has been the Zeitgeist1 of computing for more than half a century.
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