Question

explain control and coordination in animals​

Answer 1

see it's very very simple the main difference is that they are not civilised and we are also animals but in civilised form that is why we are human being and another thing is that they use appendix which is the part of a body because they eat raw food ( flesh or grass ) and we don't do that so that is a useless thing in us and there IQ level is too low than us that is why they can't do all the things like us and many other things are there but I can tell u but it will take a lot of time to type sorry

But I hope u like this all points.

Answer 2

$\huge\star{\green{\underline{\mathfrak{Answer :-}}}}$

The control and coordination in animals is done by the help of endocrine system and the nervous system.

$\rule{200}2$

Nervous system :

The nervous system in animals consists of spinal cord, brain and nerves.

There are other subcomponents which help in nervous system and they are :

• Receptors
• Effectors
• Sensory nerves
• Motor nerves

Spinal Cord :

• Thespinal cord starts from the brain and extends to the vertebral column.
• It has 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
• There are 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, five pairs of lambar nerves, five pairs of sacral nerves and a pair of coccygeal nerves.
• Medulla oblangate is the upper part of the spinal cord.
• It receives messages to and from the brain.
• It also controls reflex actions.

Brain :

• It is the main coordinating centre of the human body.
• It is protected by cranium.
• There are three membranes call meninges filled with cerebrospinal fluid which helps in the protection of brain from shocks.
• The brain has three main parts.
• The first one is fore brain which consists of cerebrum and olfactory lobes. This part of the brain is the thinking part and helps in the voluntary actions.
• The second part is the mid brain which controls reflex actions and involuntary actions.
• The last and the third part is the hind brain. The cerebellum controls the body movements, posture and balance. The pons control respiration and the medulla helps in the controlling of actions like coughing, vomiting, sneezing, BP, etc.

Neurons :

• The nerve cell is the structural and functional unit of a nervous system.
• It consists of a cell body known as cyton containing nucleus and cytoplasm.
• It has several branched structures called dendrites.
• It has a long nerve fibre called axon which is covered by protective covering known as mylene sheath.
• The junction between two neurones is called synapse.
• The message passed through the nerve cell in the form of chemical and electrical signals are called nerve impulses.
• The dendrites receive the information and starts a chemical reaction which produces electrical impulses which passes through the Axon.
• The neurotransmitters are the biochemical substances which are found at this synaptic junctions and helps in translating nerve impulse to the dendrites of one nerve to the other.

Other subcomponents which help in the functioning of nervous system :

• The receptors are sense organs which receive stimuli and pass the message to the brain and spinal cord. Example : photoreceptors, phono receptors, olfactory receptors, gustatory receptors, and tangoreceptors.
• The effectors are the muscles and glands which respond to the information received from the brain and the spinal cord through the motor nerves.
• The sensory nerves are the nerves which carry information from the receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
• The motor nerves are the nerves which carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors.

The Nervous System :

• There are three types of nervous system in our body.
• The central nervous system which includes the brain and the spinal cord.
• The peripheral nervous system which include the spinal nerves and the cranial nerves.
• The Autonomous nervous systemincludes either sympathetic or parasympathetic type. Both of them have opposite action to each other. It controls the organs in our body and involuntary actions.
• The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system controls voluntary actions.
• The 4 types of nerves which help in the good functioning of nervous system are :

1. The cranial nerves : It goes from the brain to the other parts of your head.
2. The autonomic nerves : It goes from the spinal cord to the lungs, heart or we can say the autonomous body organs.
3. The Central nerves : It is found in your brain and spinal cord.
4. The peripheral nerves : It goes from spinal cord to our arms, hands, legs and feet.

$\rule{200}2$

Endocrine system :

• The endocrine system includes many glands which produces hormones and hormones are directly mixed with blood.
• There is pituitary gland which produces growth hormone which helps in the stimulation of growth in all the organs.
• The thyroid gland produces thyroxine which helps in the regulation of metabolism of body growth.
• The insulin is produced by pancreas which helps in the regulation of blood sugar level.
• The testosterone is produced by testis which help in the development of male sex organs.
• The oestrogen is produced by ovaries which helps in the development of female sex organs and regulates menstrual cycle
• The adrenaline is produced by adrenal glands which helps us to decide whether to fight or flight.
• The hypothalamus releases releasing hormoneswhich stimulates pituitary gland to release hormone.
• There all other also other glands which help in the proper functioning of the body in an endocrine system.
• Examples are pineal gland, parathyroid gland, thymus thymus gland, etc.

$\rule{200}2$