Question

explain covalent bonding with an example??

Answer 1

Covalent Bonding :

The compounds which are formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms, but the shared pair of electrons are contributed equally by the two atoms are known as covalent compounds.

The number of shared pair of electrons by an atom of an element with other atoms is known as covalency of that atom.

For example : Formation of $\mathsf{H_2}$ bond.

When two hydrogen atoms come near each other, the single electron of both atoms forms a shared pair. This shared pair belongs to the both Hydrogen atoms. Now, each Hydrogen atom has a noble electronic gas configuration of nearest noble gas, Helium $\mathsf{(1{s}^{2})}$.

Similarly, two Chlorine atoms combine with each other to form a molecule of chlorine.

Additional  information :

Langmuir refined the Lewis postulations and introduced the term covalent bond. According to Lewis - Langmuir theory, atoms can combine by sharing of electrons between them. This type of bond is called covalent bond.

Answer 2

• A covalent bond is formed by the mutual sharing of two electron pairs between two atoms.
• The sharing of electron pairs takes place between atoms of non-metallic elements. This is because each of them are deficient in electrons and both have a tendency to gain electrons.

        Thus, transfer of electrons is not possible and the octet is satisfied by                                                                                      

        sharing of electrons.

• Atoms which in their outermost shells have 7, 6 and 5 electrons share 1, 2 and 3 pairs of electrons respectively forming covalent molecules.

• The sharing of electrons between atoms results in the formation of non- ionised molecules( non-charged particles).  This is because electrons are not transferred from one atom to other, leading to the absence of ions.
• The chemical compound formed by the mutual sharing of electrons is called a covalent or molecular compound.

• For Example: Chlorine has 7 electrons in its outermost shell. In order to complete its octet and attain the configuration of argon, it shares one electron with another atom of chlorine and forms a covalent molecule. The shared pair of electrons is counted for both the atoms.