Explain cytoplasm for 5 Mark's answer
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Answer: Cytoplasm is a jelly like substance present inside the cell. All cell organelles and nucleus float in it.
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Cytoplasm refers to the fluid that fills the cell, which includes the cytosol along with filaments, proteins, ions and macromolecular structures as well as the organelles suspended in the cytosol.
In eukaryotic cells, cytoplasm refers to the contents of the cell with the exception of the nucleus. Eukaryotes have elaborate mechanisms for maintaining a distinct nuclear compartment separate from the cytoplasm. Active transport is involved in the creation of these subcellular structures and for maintaining homeostasis with the cytoplasm. For prokaryotic cells, since they do not have a defined nuclear membrane, the cytoplasm also contains the cell’s primary genetic material. These cells are usually smaller in comparison to eukaryotes, and have a simpler internal organization of the cytoplasm.
Structure of Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is unusual because it is unlike any other fluid found in the physical world. Liquids that are studied to understand diffusion usually contain a few solutes in an aqueous environment. However, the cytoplasm is a complex and crowded system containing a wide range of particles – from ions and small molecules, to proteins as well as giant multi protein complexes and organelles. These constituents are moved across the cell depending on the requirements of the cell along an elaborate cytoskeleton with the help of specialized motor proteins. The movement of such large particles also changes the physical properties of the cytosol.
The physical nature of the cytoplasm is variable. Sometimes, there is quick diffusion across the cell, making the cytoplasm resemble a colloidal solution. At other times, it appears to take on the properties of a gel-like or glass-like substance. It is said to have the properties of viscous as well as elastic materials – capable of deforming slowly under external force in addition to regaining its original shape with minimal loss of energy. Parts of the cytoplasm close to the plasma membrane are also ‘stiffer’ while the regions near the interior resemble free flowing liquids. These changes in the cytoplasm appear to be dependent on the metabolic processes within the cell and play an important role in carrying out specific functions and protecting the cell from stressors.
The cytoplasm can be divided into three components:
The cytoskeleton with its associated motor proteins
Organelles and other large multi-protein complexes
Cytoplasmic inclusions and dissolved solutes
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