explain democratic policies adopted by government if india which made it a successful federation
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1)The creation of linguistic states were the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country-Many old states have vanished and many new states have been created.Areas,boundaries and names of states have been changed.In 1947, the boundaries of several old states have changed in order to create new states.This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state.Some states were created not on the basis of language but to recognized differences based on culture,ethnicity or geography.These include states like Nagaland,Uttarakhand and Jharkhand.
2)Language policy-A second test for Indian federation is like the language policy.Our constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language.Hindi was identified as the official language.But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 percents of Indians.Therefore,there were many safeguards to protect other languages.Beside Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as Schedule Languages Constitution.
3)Center-State relations-restructuring the Center-state relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthen in practice .Since 1990, COALITION GOVTS were at the center.Since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form a government at the center.
2)Language policy-A second test for Indian federation is like the language policy.Our constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language.Hindi was identified as the official language.But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 percents of Indians.Therefore,there were many safeguards to protect other languages.Beside Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as Schedule Languages Constitution.
3)Center-State relations-restructuring the Center-state relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthen in practice .Since 1990, COALITION GOVTS were at the center.Since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form a government at the center.
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A federation is a country in which the powers are divided between the union and its constituents. India is an example of holding together federation, where the country decides to create constituent units, thereby dividing the powers and duties between the centre and the states.
The following are the five provisions that make India a full-fledged federation.
*Two or more tiers of government*- We have a federal system whereby the constitution has more than two tiers of the government, viz. the Union Government , State Governments and Local Government. This implies that there are more than two levels of government administration among which powers are divided and duties are given. They govern people at their respective levels.
*Three lists *- The powers are divided between the Centre and the States by three Lists: Union list, State List and Concurrent list.
Union List deals with the issues relating to the Centre, State List deals with the issues relating to the States and Concurrent List deals with the matters of both the Centre and the States. It removes the possibility of any type of interference in the functioning of the central and state governments.
*Rigid Constitution*- The Government of India is governed by the Constitution of India and it is considered the Supreme Power in the Country. It is not an easy task to amend the constitution. For a constitutional provision to be amended, 2/3rd of majority of both the houses is required and ratification by half of the State Legislatures.
*Bicameral Legislature*- India has a bicameral legislature which means that the Parliament consists of two houses, viz, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. One represents the country and the other represents the interest of the constituent states.
*Financial Autonomy*- The revenue sources of both the Centre and States have been clearly defined, that ensures financial autonomy to both the Centre and the States. In layman’s language, the Centre and the State have different sources of income, which means they are independent of each other when it comes to revenue.
*Independent Judiciary*- Independent judiciary is the essence of federal government. Here, courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of the different levels of government. In India, the highest court—the Supreme Court—acts as an umpire if a dispute arises between the different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers.
. (i) Linguistic States : After independence, in 1950, the boundaries of several old states were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that the people who spoke the same language, share common culture, ethnicity or geography could live in the same state.
(ii) Language Policy : The Indian Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one of the languages. Though Hindi was identified as the optional language, but the central government has not imposed Hindi on states where people speak a different language. Besides Hindi, there are 22 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Indian Constitution.
(iii) Centre-State relations : Improving the Centre-State relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. Though Indian Constitution has demarcated the powers of the Union and the state governments but still the Union government can have influence over the state in many ways. In the past, the Central government has often misused the Constitution to dismiss the state governments that were controlled by rival parties. This undermined the spirit of federalism, and that of democracy. The judiciary has played a major role in improving the autonomy of the state governments because many a time, it has rescued state governments which were dismissed in an arbitrary manner.
The following are the five provisions that make India a full-fledged federation.
*Two or more tiers of government*- We have a federal system whereby the constitution has more than two tiers of the government, viz. the Union Government , State Governments and Local Government. This implies that there are more than two levels of government administration among which powers are divided and duties are given. They govern people at their respective levels.
*Three lists *- The powers are divided between the Centre and the States by three Lists: Union list, State List and Concurrent list.
Union List deals with the issues relating to the Centre, State List deals with the issues relating to the States and Concurrent List deals with the matters of both the Centre and the States. It removes the possibility of any type of interference in the functioning of the central and state governments.
*Rigid Constitution*- The Government of India is governed by the Constitution of India and it is considered the Supreme Power in the Country. It is not an easy task to amend the constitution. For a constitutional provision to be amended, 2/3rd of majority of both the houses is required and ratification by half of the State Legislatures.
*Bicameral Legislature*- India has a bicameral legislature which means that the Parliament consists of two houses, viz, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. One represents the country and the other represents the interest of the constituent states.
*Financial Autonomy*- The revenue sources of both the Centre and States have been clearly defined, that ensures financial autonomy to both the Centre and the States. In layman’s language, the Centre and the State have different sources of income, which means they are independent of each other when it comes to revenue.
*Independent Judiciary*- Independent judiciary is the essence of federal government. Here, courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of the different levels of government. In India, the highest court—the Supreme Court—acts as an umpire if a dispute arises between the different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers.
. (i) Linguistic States : After independence, in 1950, the boundaries of several old states were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that the people who spoke the same language, share common culture, ethnicity or geography could live in the same state.
(ii) Language Policy : The Indian Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one of the languages. Though Hindi was identified as the optional language, but the central government has not imposed Hindi on states where people speak a different language. Besides Hindi, there are 22 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Indian Constitution.
(iii) Centre-State relations : Improving the Centre-State relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. Though Indian Constitution has demarcated the powers of the Union and the state governments but still the Union government can have influence over the state in many ways. In the past, the Central government has often misused the Constitution to dismiss the state governments that were controlled by rival parties. This undermined the spirit of federalism, and that of democracy. The judiciary has played a major role in improving the autonomy of the state governments because many a time, it has rescued state governments which were dismissed in an arbitrary manner.
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