Explain different conditions of unemployment in rural and urban area in 5 points and give example of each
Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
Unemployment is a regularly used term and normally refers to those who are ‘out of work’. In strictly economic terms, the unemployed include all those who are able and willing to work but cannot find work. This includes the pool of persons who seek work through employment exchanges, friends, relatives and other contacts and express their willingness to get employed, owing to the lack of work. Economists define an unemployed person as one who is unable to get work for even one hour during half a day.
Rural Unemployment
India has roughly 70% of its population living in rural areas. Agriculture forms the mainstay of the rural population. But, not enough employment is available for all those living in the rural areas. This leads to unemployment, which can take three forms open, seasonal and disguised.
Open Unemployment
This refers to the situation in rural areas where people who are willing and actually able to work cannot find any work.
Disguised Unemployment
This particularly plagues the Indian agrarian scenario. In this case, more workers than required are engaged on the farm, where not all of them are actually productively contributing to creating output. Thus, the marginal physical productivity of many workers is zero. This happens when almost the entire family engages in farm production.
Seasonal Unemployment
The case with this is that workers remain out of work for a particular season. For example, workers hired only for the harvest season remain unemployed for the remaining part of the year. Or, if the industry itself is seasonal, workers naturally remain unemployed during the off-season.
Urban Unemployment
The unemployed in the urban areas have increased considerably over the years. Normally, the number of the urban unemployed is registered with unemployment exchange boards. It can also take various forms, as under-
Industrial Unemployment
Those illiterate persons who are willing and able to work in factories or industries in urban areas but cannot find work fall in this category. As rural-urban migration increases, urban unemployment also does.
Educated Unemployment
The most horrifying kind of unemployment is when the educated youth are unable to find appropriate jobs to suit their qualifications. With an improvement in education over time, skilled workers have increased in number but the number of available jobs has not increased correspondingly. This causes educated unemployment.
Technological Unemployment
This type of unemployment takes place every time technology upgrades and the existing workforce are unable to cope with the new technology. If the skills required to meet the new technology do not match the existing skill-sets of the employed workers and they cannot adapt, they become unemployed. Upgradation is a natural process, with cyclical obsolescence as one set of technology becomes irrelevant and gets replaced by another.
causes for unemployment
A slow rate of economic growth would mean that the national output is not increasing by much. It indicates that not enough jobs are being created to absorb the workers able and willing to work. Put simply, labour supply far exceeds existing job opportunities.
Another reason particular to India is its population growth rate. The number of people looking for jobs has multiplied manifold over the years as the population growth rate has soared high. The rising population proves to be a burden on the number of jobs that can actually be created in an economy with its limited resources. The recent population explosion is a contributing factor to decreased employment in the country.
Over-dependence on technology, domestic or foreign, has led to technological unemployment. This is because of less requirement of manual labour to accomplish tasks with greater dependence on machines and technology.
The lack of adequate fund-allocation and financial resources to curb unemployment is also leading it to rise. Proper governmental programs targeting the unemployed population, if not well-implemented, harm the employment situation of the country. Lack of committed support to deal with the job crisis causes employment to fall.
Answer:
Urban Rural
Urban areas usually refer to cities, suburbs and towns. Rural areas usually refer to villages
Urban areas have more development in terms of access to infrastructure and connectivity like airports, ports, railways, housing, roads etc. Rural areas usually don’t have much development in terms of infrastructure.
Land in urban areas is used for development activities. There is usually not much land available which has not been used for developmental activities Rural areas usually have a lot of vacant lands without much development.
Urban areas are densely populated Rural areas are sparsely populated
As of 2018, approximately 34% of India’s population lives in urban areas More than 65% of India’s population lives in rural areas as per 2018 figures. From 2008 to 2018 there has been a steady decline in the percentage of the population living in rural areas of India, due to migration.
Although the total population living in urban areas is much less compared to Rural areas, the population density is very high in urban areas The population density is less in rural areas compared to urban areas.
Urban areas have a scarcity of land Rural areas do not have land scarcity.
There is very high pollution in urban areas due to high population density, vehicles and industries. There is not much pollution in rural areas compared to urban areas, due to lesser vehicles, lower population density and lesser industries
There is not much greenery in urban areas of India, since most of the land is occupied by buildings and roads There is more greenery in rural areas of India
Jobs are concentrated in the services industry, manufacturing industry, trade and commerce Jobs are concentrated in agricultural activities.
In urban areas, the problem of social barriers is minimal, there are equal opportunities for jobs, education etc. In rural areas of India, there is always a lot of difference in social status in rural areas due to gender, religion, caste, culture etc.