Explain each one of the phylum briefly with examples in the kingdom animalia.(10 phylums)
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(1)Phylum – Porifera
Phylum – Porifera
Includes organisms with holes.They are primitive multicellular animals and have cellular level of organisation.They are non-motile animals attached to some solid support.The body design involves very minimal differentiation and division into tissues. They are commonly called sponges.
Examples: Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla (Fresh water sponge) and Euspongia (Bath sponge).
(2) Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
The name cnidaria is derived from thecnidoblasts or cnidocytes (which contain the stinging capsules or nematocytes) present on the tentacles and the body.Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage, defense and for the capture of prey.Coelenterata (Cnidaria) are aquatic, mostly marine sessile or free-swimmingradially symmetricalThey exhibit tissue level of organization [have more body design differentiation than sponges].They have a central gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening.They are diploblastic.
Examples: Aurelia (jelly fish), Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war), Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula (Sea-pen), Gorgonia (Sea-fan) and Meandrina (Brain coral).
(3) Phylum – Ctenophora
Ctenophora are commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies.They exclusively marine, radially symmetrical, diploblasticThey exhinit tissue level of organisation.The body bears eight external rows of ciliated comb plates, which help in locomotion.Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular.Bioluminescence (the property of a living organism to emit light) is well-marked in ctenophores.Sexes are not separate and reproduction takes place only by sexual means.
Examples: Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana.
(4) Phylum – Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes are more complexly designed than the earlier groups.They are bilaterally symmetrical.They are triploblastic. This allows outside and inside body linings as well as some organs to be made. There is thus some degree of tissue formation [organ level of organisation].The body is flattened dorsiventrally, meaning from top to bottom, which is why these animals are called flatworms.They may be freeliving or parasitic.Some examples are freeliving animals likeplanarians, or parasitic animals likeParisites are mostly endoparasites found in animals including human beings. Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body surface.
Example :- Liver fluke, Tape worm
(5) Phylum – Aschelminthes (Nemotoda)
Body in aschelminthes (Nemotoda) iscylindrical [bilaterally symmetrical] rather than flattened.They exhibit organ-system level of body organization [there are tissues, but no real organs].They are triploblastic. A sort of body cavity or a pseudocoelom, is present.They are freeliving, aquatic, terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals.These are very familiar as parasitic wormscausing diseases, such as the worms causing elephantiasis (filarial worms) or the worms in the intestines (roundworm or pinworms).The body is circular in cross-section, hence, the name roundworms.
Example : Roundworm
(6) Phylum – Annelida
Annelida are aquatic [marine and fresh water] or terrestrial; free-living, and sometimes parasitic.Their body surface is distinctly marked out into segments or metameres[metamerically segmented] and, hence, the phylum name Annelida (Latin, annulus: little ring).They exhibit organ-system level of body organization.They are coelomate [true body cavity]. This allows true organs to be packaged in the body structure.They are bilateral symmetric andtriploblastic.They possess longitudinal and circular muscles which help in locomotion.
Example : Neries
(7) Phylum – Arthropoda
Insects, arachnids and crustaceans are members of the largest category of creatures on the planet: arthropods. Arthropods have hard, external shells called “exoskeletons,” segmented bodies and jointed legs.
Some familiar examples are prawns, butterflies, houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs .
They exhibit organ-system level of organisation. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented and coelomate .The coelomic cavity is blood-filled.The body of arthropods is covered by chitinous .The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen.
Phylum – Porifera
Includes organisms with holes.They are primitive multicellular animals and have cellular level of organisation.They are non-motile animals attached to some solid support.The body design involves very minimal differentiation and division into tissues. They are commonly called sponges.
Examples: Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla (Fresh water sponge) and Euspongia (Bath sponge).
(2) Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
The name cnidaria is derived from thecnidoblasts or cnidocytes (which contain the stinging capsules or nematocytes) present on the tentacles and the body.Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage, defense and for the capture of prey.Coelenterata (Cnidaria) are aquatic, mostly marine sessile or free-swimmingradially symmetricalThey exhibit tissue level of organization [have more body design differentiation than sponges].They have a central gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening.They are diploblastic.
Examples: Aurelia (jelly fish), Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war), Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula (Sea-pen), Gorgonia (Sea-fan) and Meandrina (Brain coral).
(3) Phylum – Ctenophora
Ctenophora are commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies.They exclusively marine, radially symmetrical, diploblasticThey exhinit tissue level of organisation.The body bears eight external rows of ciliated comb plates, which help in locomotion.Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular.Bioluminescence (the property of a living organism to emit light) is well-marked in ctenophores.Sexes are not separate and reproduction takes place only by sexual means.
Examples: Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana.
(4) Phylum – Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes are more complexly designed than the earlier groups.They are bilaterally symmetrical.They are triploblastic. This allows outside and inside body linings as well as some organs to be made. There is thus some degree of tissue formation [organ level of organisation].The body is flattened dorsiventrally, meaning from top to bottom, which is why these animals are called flatworms.They may be freeliving or parasitic.Some examples are freeliving animals likeplanarians, or parasitic animals likeParisites are mostly endoparasites found in animals including human beings. Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body surface.
Example :- Liver fluke, Tape worm
(5) Phylum – Aschelminthes (Nemotoda)
Body in aschelminthes (Nemotoda) iscylindrical [bilaterally symmetrical] rather than flattened.They exhibit organ-system level of body organization [there are tissues, but no real organs].They are triploblastic. A sort of body cavity or a pseudocoelom, is present.They are freeliving, aquatic, terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals.These are very familiar as parasitic wormscausing diseases, such as the worms causing elephantiasis (filarial worms) or the worms in the intestines (roundworm or pinworms).The body is circular in cross-section, hence, the name roundworms.
Example : Roundworm
(6) Phylum – Annelida
Annelida are aquatic [marine and fresh water] or terrestrial; free-living, and sometimes parasitic.Their body surface is distinctly marked out into segments or metameres[metamerically segmented] and, hence, the phylum name Annelida (Latin, annulus: little ring).They exhibit organ-system level of body organization.They are coelomate [true body cavity]. This allows true organs to be packaged in the body structure.They are bilateral symmetric andtriploblastic.They possess longitudinal and circular muscles which help in locomotion.
Example : Neries
(7) Phylum – Arthropoda
Insects, arachnids and crustaceans are members of the largest category of creatures on the planet: arthropods. Arthropods have hard, external shells called “exoskeletons,” segmented bodies and jointed legs.
Some familiar examples are prawns, butterflies, houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs .
They exhibit organ-system level of organisation. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented and coelomate .The coelomic cavity is blood-filled.The body of arthropods is covered by chitinous .The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen.
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