Explain Five kingdom classification system.
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Five Kingdom Classification System:
In 1967, Robert Whittaker introduced the five-kingdom classification system. This system is based on;
- The levels of cellular organization i.e. prokaryotic, unicellular eukaryotic and multicellular eukaryotic
- The principal modes of nutrition i.e. photosynthesis, absorption, and ingestion.
On this basis, organisms are classified into five Kingdoms: monera, protista, fungi,plantae and animalia.
In 1988, Margulis and Schwartz.modified the five-kingdom.classification.of Whittaker
They considered genetics along with cellular organization and mode of nutrition in classification. They classified the organisms into the same five kingdoms as proposed by Whittaker.
Detail of five kingdoms:
1) Kingdom Monera:
It includess prokaryotic organisms i.e. they are
made of prokaryotic cells. Monerans are unicellular, although some types form chains, clusters, or colonies of cells. Prokaryotic cells are radically different from eukaryotic cells. Most are heterotrophic but some perform photosynthesis because they have chlorophyll in their cytoplasm.
2) Kingdom Protista:
It includes eukaryotic unicellular and simple multicellular organisms. There are three main types of protists.
- Algea are unicellular, colonial or simple multicellular. They resemble plant cells with cell walls and chlorophyll in chloroplasts. Simple multicellular means that they do not have multicellular sex organs and do not form embryos during their life cycles.
- Protozoans resemble animals whose cells lack chlorophyll and cell wals.
- Some protists are fungi-like.
3) Kingdom Fungi:
It includes eukarvotic multicellular heterotrophs which are absorptive in their nutritional mode e.g. mushroomns. Most fungi are decomposers. They live on organic material, secrete digestive enzymes and absorb small organic molecules formed by the digestion by enzymes.
4) Kingdom Plantae:
It includes eukaryotic multicellular autotrophs. Plants are autotrophic in nutritional mode, making their own food by photosynthesIS. ney have multicellular sex organs and form embryos during their life cycles. Mosses, ferns and flowering plants are included in this kingdom.
5) Kingdom Animalia:
It includes eukaryotic multicellular consumers. Animals live mostly by ingesting food and digesting it within specialized cavities. They lack cell wall and show movements.
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The main criteria of the five kingdom classification were cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition and reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships.
The five-kingdom system of classification for living organisms, including the prokaryotic Monera and the eukaryotic Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia is complicated by the discovery of archaebacteria.
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