explain four method by which friction can be increased?
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method by which friction can be increased:
1. by making the surfaces rough
For example, the tyres of vehicles have treads (these are the 'designs' that you can see on the tyre surface), which increase the friction between the tyre and the road
2. by increasing the mass of the object that is moving.
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To reduce friction we can make the surfaces in contact smooth. Also adding a lubricant to two surfaces in contact reduces friction between them. Grease is added between the moving parts in machines, to reduce friction. Another method of reducing friction is by using bearings. When ball bearings are introduced between two surfaces friction is reduced because of the freely rotating metal balls.
Or
there are some ways typically used in such situations:
use right materials. While steel on steel may have low friction, some organic fibrous materials perform much better (they used to contain asbestos, but this is a strong carcinogen so a bug no-no currently)
keep the surfaces clean. A drop of oil can reduce the friction many times. Sometimes this is what you want, so you use lubricants, sometimes this is not. Rinse the surfaces with some organic solvent or let the oil burn out.
keep the surfaces cool. Hot surfaces typically have less friction - good example is how the car brakes will fade when hot
use angles - e.g. the V-belt where the wedge-shaped belt is pushed in between the rims so the contact force between the belt and a rim is much bigger than the actual belt tension. Also, the contact surface is bigger thus less prone to overheating.
use toothed belts or gears instead of smooth ones
use sand - train locomotives carry on the dry sand in the containers and have a system (automated or manual) that delivers this sand right before the wheels. This helps reduce the slip during a kickstart or sharp braking.
use dedicated substances. My grandpa applied some rosin on the leather belt in his machines. It became a little sticky, but there slip was significantly reduced
provide sufficient contact (normal) force. So use hydraulic brakes that amplify the contact force. Maintain a proper tension of a belt (e.g. with spring-loaded rollers)
in belts, also make sure the belt embraces enough of the wheel circumference (this is the wrap angle). If too small, increase it with dedicated belt guiding rollers.
Or
there are some ways typically used in such situations:
use right materials. While steel on steel may have low friction, some organic fibrous materials perform much better (they used to contain asbestos, but this is a strong carcinogen so a bug no-no currently)
keep the surfaces clean. A drop of oil can reduce the friction many times. Sometimes this is what you want, so you use lubricants, sometimes this is not. Rinse the surfaces with some organic solvent or let the oil burn out.
keep the surfaces cool. Hot surfaces typically have less friction - good example is how the car brakes will fade when hot
use angles - e.g. the V-belt where the wedge-shaped belt is pushed in between the rims so the contact force between the belt and a rim is much bigger than the actual belt tension. Also, the contact surface is bigger thus less prone to overheating.
use toothed belts or gears instead of smooth ones
use sand - train locomotives carry on the dry sand in the containers and have a system (automated or manual) that delivers this sand right before the wheels. This helps reduce the slip during a kickstart or sharp braking.
use dedicated substances. My grandpa applied some rosin on the leather belt in his machines. It became a little sticky, but there slip was significantly reduced
provide sufficient contact (normal) force. So use hydraulic brakes that amplify the contact force. Maintain a proper tension of a belt (e.g. with spring-loaded rollers)
in belts, also make sure the belt embraces enough of the wheel circumference (this is the wrap angle). If too small, increase it with dedicated belt guiding rollers.
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