Explain Genetics for 10 marks
Answers
Genetics is the study of how traits such as hair color, eye color, and risk for disease are passed (“inherited”) from parents to their children.
Genetics pertains to humans and all other organisms. So, for example, there is human genetics, mouse genetics, fruit fly genetics, etc.
Humans have an estimated 35,000 genes. Most genes come in pairs and are made of strands of genetic material called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Genetic disorders are caused by one or more changes, or mutations, in the instruction code of a particular gene(s), preventing the gene(s) from functioning properly.
The molecular basis for genes is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is composed of a chain of nucleotides, of which there are four types: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Genetic information exists in the sequence of these nucleotides, and genes exist as stretches of sequence along the DNA chain.
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Genetics is a branch of biology that deals with the study of heredity and variations.
Heredity is the transmission of characters from parents to offspring. Offspring or siblings are the product of sexual reproduction and commonly biparental in origin. They resemble their parents, family and species sufficiently that one can recognize them belong to their particular grouping. However, the resemblance is never 100%. Child of the same parents, possess, genetic variations.
Gregor Johann Mendel is known as father of genetics, because he was the first to demonstrate the mechanism of transmission of characters from the generation to the other. He also gave thegeneralizations, some of which were later raised to the status of principles or laws of inheritance and hence they constitute the foundation of genetics.
Mendel proposed the concept of hereditary units —“Equal numbers of factors (what we now called genes) inherited from each parent determined Equal numbers of factors (what we now called genes) inherited from each parent determined the observable characters of the offspring. Characters are themselves not inherited but the particles, units or factors that determine or control the observable traits are transmitted from parents to offspring” – this is the basic theme of Mendelism. Mendel’s work remained unnoticed for 34 years.