Question

Explain how vacancies are introduced in an ionic solid when a cation of higher valence is added as an in impurity in it

Answer 1

Answer:

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Explanation:

When a cation of higher valence is added to an ionic solid as an impurity to it, the cation of higher valence replaces more than one cation of lower valence so as to keep the crystal electrically neutral. As a result, some sites become vacant. For example, when Sr2+is added to NaCl, each Sr2+ ion replaces two Na+ ions.

Answer 2

Answer :

• When two or more cations of lower valency are replaced by a cation of higher valency (i.e. an impurity) to maintain electrical neutrality, cation vacancies are created.
• For example : In ionic solid such as NaCl, Sr²+ as SrCl2 is added as a cation of higher valency that is the impurity, then two Na+ ions leave as cations of lower valency.
• To maintain the electrical neutrality, one lattice site is occupied by Sr²+ ions while other one remains vacant.

Extra Information :

• Two different types of solids :

1. Amorphous
2. Crystalline

• Crystalline solids contains large number of small crystal ,each of them having a definite characteristic geometrical shape.
• Types of Crystalline Solids :

1. Molecular Solids
2. Ionic Solids
3. Metallic Solids
4. Covalent Solids

• Types of Molecular Solids :

1. Non polar Molecular Solids
2. Polar Molecular Solids
3. Hydrogen Bonded Molecular Solids