Explain in detail at least five possible risk reduction measure for flood?
Answers
Answer:
A brief description of the structural measures most often used in flood control follows, along with discussion about how each of these measures relates to levees.
Explanation:
1) Levees, Floodwalls, Seawalls, and Other Appurtenant Structures
These structures are designed to prevent floodwaters and storm surges from reaching areas that are at risk. Consequences of failure can be catastrophic because those behind the structure can be subject to rapid inundation and flooding conditions more severe than if the floodwaters had risen gradually.
2) Dams
Barriers that impound hydrologic flows, dams retain floodwaters before they reach areas at risk. For example, during high-precipitation periods, dams hold upstream floodwaters that are released gradually to minimize the likelihood of damage to downstream communities. However, during exceptionally large events, the storage capacity of a dam can be exceeded and uncontrolled flood flows are passed downstream. Under these circumstances, downstream levees may not be able to contain floodwaters and will fail. This condition occurred in 2011 during spring floods on the Missouri River (USACE, 2012b). Under exceptional circumstances, dams can fail and send significant quantities of water downstream, resulting in damage or destruction of levees and communities below the dams.
3) Floodways, Spillways, and Channels
Floodways, spillways, and channels are constructed to carry floodwaters around a community or region where the capacity of a river to pass a large volume of floodwaters past a critical location is limited. Under some circumstances, river channels can be modified to increase their flood carrying capacity. During the 2011 flooding of the Mississippi River, USACE opened floodways near New Madrid Missouri to take the pressure off upstream and downstream levees in Illinois, Kentucky, and other locations in Missouri, and three floodways in Louisiana to relieve pressure on structures in the New Orleans area. A similar floodway provides relief when needed to relieve pressure on levees surrounding Sacramento, California.
4) Structural Mitigation Through Improved Levee Design or Modification
During a flood, levees are under continuous stress that threatens their integrity. The most serious challenges result from wave action against a levee face, the erosion of the land side of a levee as the levee is overtopped or subject to waves breaking over its top, and seepage under the levee that destroys the levee from within. Forms of these occurred during Hurricane Katrina and caused the failure of levees in the New Orleans region in 2005. Use of controlled overtopping, armoring, and underseepage control can greatly reduce the potential for catastrophic failure.
5) Controlled Overtopping and Breaching of Levees
During a flood event, the risk of a levee overtopping can be significant and the consequences can be catastrophic. Controlled overtopping of levees or engineered overtopping involves designing a levee to force overtopping in the least hazardous location (USACE, 1986). This can be done by using different levee heights, known as superiority, or notches or openings in a desired location.
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Flood is a natural disaster that affects a lot of people per year.
Explanation:
- Five possible risk reduction measures for floods are as follows:
- Better Flood warning systems: In the flood of Kedarnath temple, thousands of people died and were lost. If there was a better flood warning system, the tragedy wouldn't happen.
- Better and safe homes: During floods, a lot of houses get affected. So houses in the flood area should be strong.
- Plant more trees: Trees help in holding soil in the ground. If in any area, more trees are there, the effect of flood will be less on people.
- Restore rivers: Barrages are unhealthy for the environment in a long term, so restoring rivers will help rivers float in their own way.
- Making barrages in the area of uneven floating rivers: Some rivers are not boon to the people living in their area.
- For example, 'the Kosi' river was the mourning of Bihar but after making a barrage over it, the situation became better.
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