explain in detail difference types of defects in solids.
Answers
Answer:
Stoichiometric Defects
The defect in which stoichiometry of the compound remains the same as shown by their chemical formula. It is also called an intrinsic or thermodynamic defect. These are further classified into two types;
Vacancy Defect: (Vacant sites in the lattice)
Interstitial Defect: (Constituents particles move to the interstitial site of the lattice).
Both vacancy and interstitial defects are only for the non-ionic solids. Ionic solids which maintain the neutrality of the crystal are shown by Frenkel and Schottky defects.
Schottky Defects
This defect occurs due to the missing of the same number of cations and anions from the lattice site. This type of defect is shown by this substance which having high coordination number.
Frenkel Defect
In this type of defect, some cations are missing from their lattice site and occupy the interstitial site of the lattice. This type of defect is shown by those substances which have low coordination number. The closeness of like charges tends to increase the dielectric constant of the crystal.
Impurity Defects
In the molten state, NACL contains a small amount of SrCl2 in the form of impurity in the crystal. Due to the presence of SrCl2 some site of Na+ ion is occupied by Sr2+. For maintaining the neutrality of the crystal one Sr2+ replaces two ions of Na+ and the remaining one site of Na+ will be vacant. Example: CdCl2 and AgCl.
Non- stoichiometric Defects
This defect is shown by compounds of D block elements of the periodic table. These defects are classified as metal excess defects which are again of two types. They are as follows;
Metal excess defect due to anionic vacancy
When a compound having excess metal ions if an anion is absent from the lattice site there it creates a void while is there occupied by an electron. This type of defect is shown by alkali metal halides like NaCl, KCl, LiCl.
When alkali metal halides are heated in an atmosphere of vapour of the alkali metal, anion vacancies are created. This anion is then diffuse to the surface of the crystal and combine with newly generated metal cations. The electron is lost by the metal atom is then diffuses the crystal and occupy the anionic vacancy site and form F-centres inside the crystal. These F-centres give different colours like NaCl gives a yellow colour. KCl gives a violet colour and HCl gives pink colour.
Metal excess defect due to the presence of interstitial cation:
When an excess positive ion is located in the interstitial site. This type of defect is shown by ZnO. When ZnO is heated it loses oxygen reversibly. The excess Zn2+ ions are occupied in the interstitial sites for maintaining neutrality, electrons are enclosed in the neighbouring interstitial sites. On heating, ZnO turns yellow colour by losing oxygen.
Metal Deficiency Defect
In this defect, some cations are missing from the lattice site and for maintaining its electrical neutrality another remaining cation increase their valency. For example, FeO which is found with a composition of Fe0.95 O. It may actually range from Fe0.93O to Fe0.96O.
In the crystal of FeO, some Fe2+ cations are missing and the loss of positive charge is made up by the presence of the required number of Fe+3 ions.
Answer:
Different types of defects in solids are: Stoichiometric defects, Non-Stoichiometric defects and Impurity Defects.
Explanation:
Solids are formed from various small crystals. Sometimes, during the process of crystallization, the defect in solids occurs due to the uneven rate of formation of crystals.
Defects, are defined as those in which there will be irregularities in the arrangements of constituent particles.
Stoichiometric Defects
In these defects, the stoichiometry of the compound remains the same as shown by their chemical formula. It is also called an intrinsic or thermodynamic defect.
Schottky Defects
This defect is due to the missing of the same number of cations and anions from the lattice site. The substance which having high coordination number shows this defect.
Frenkel Defect
In this defect, few cations which are missing from their lattice site, occupy the interstitial site of the lattice. This type of defect is shown by the substances which usually have low coordination number.