Question

explain in detail sn1 and sn2 reaction​

Answer 1

Answer:

SN1 Reactions: SN1 reactions have several steps; it starts with the removal of the leaving group, resulting a carbocation and then the attack by the nucleophile. SN2 Reactions: SN2 reactions are single step reactions where both nucleophile and substrate are involved in the rate determining step

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Answer 2

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Haloalkanes are converted into alcohols using hydroxide ion in aqueous media through SN1 and SN2 Reactions. Alcohols can efficiently be prepared by substitution of haloalkanes and sulfonic esters with good leaving groups. The choice of reagents and reaction conditions for the hydrolysis is important because competitive elimination reactions are possible especially at high temperatures leading to alkenes.

The hydrolysis of haloalkanes depends on the structure of the haloalkanes, primary haloalkanes typically undergo SN2 reactions whereas tertiary haloalkanes react an SN1 mechanism for tertiary haloalkanes or tertiary alkyl halides. There are two kinds of reactions of haloalkanes naming SN1 And SN2 Reaction.

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Sn1 reaction :

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The SN1 reaction is a substitution nucleophilic unimolecular reaction. It is a two-step reaction. In the first step, The carbon-halogen bond breaks heterolytically with the halogen retaining the previously shared pair of electrons. In the second step, the nucleophile reacts rapidly with the carbocation that was formed in the first step.

This reaction is carried out in polar protic solvents such as water, alcohol, acetic acid etc. This reaction follows first order kinetics. Hence, this is named as substitution nucleophilic unimolecular. This reaction takes place in two steps as described below.

Step 1 :

• The bond between carbon and halogen breaks due to the presence of a nucleophile and formation of carbocation takes place.
• It is the slowest and the reversible step as a huge amount of energy is required to break the bond.
• The bond is broken by solvation of the compound in a protic solvent, thus this step is slowest of all.
• The rate of reaction depends only on haloalkane, not on nucleophile.

Step 2 :

• The nucleophile attacks the carbocation formed in step 1 and the new compound is formed.
• Since, the rate defining step of the reaction is the formation of a carbocation, hence greater the stability of formation of an intermediate carbocation, more is the ease of the compound undergoing substitution nucleophilic unimolecular or SN1 reaction.
• In the case of alkyl halides, 3o alkyl halides undergo SN1 reaction very fast because of the high stability of 3o carbocations.
• Hence allylic and benzylic halides show high reactivity towards the SN1 reaction.

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Sn2 reaction :

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This reaction follows second order kinetics and the rate of reaction depends upon both haloalkane and participating nucleophile. Hence, this reaction is known as substitution nucleophilic bimolecular reaction. In this reaction, the nucleophile attacks the positively charged carbon and the halogen leaves the group.

It is a one-step reaction. Both the formation of carbocation and exiting of halogen take place simultaneously. In this process, unlike the SN1 mechanism, the inversion of configuration is observed. Since this reaction requires the approach of the nucleophile to the carbon bearing the leaving group, the presence of bulky substituents on or near the carbon atom has a dramatic inhibiting effect.

So opposite to SN1 reaction mechanism, this is favoured mostly by primary carbon, then secondary carbon and then tertiary carbon. Nucleophilic substitution reaction depends on a number of factors. Some important factors include.

• Effect of the solvent
• Effect of the structure of the substrate
• Effect of the nucleophile
• Effect of leaving-group.