Explain in detail the administration reforms of Napoleon Bonaparte.
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Answer:
Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. (iii)In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication system were improved. (iv) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
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Answer:
Explanation:
Reforms introduced by Napoleon :
(i) Equality : Napoleon took away the liberty of the people but provided them equality. He completely abolished the distinction between the lower class and the upper class. Anybody could get the highest post in the government on the basis of merit.
(ii) Beautification and Art : Napoleon was a great lover of art and he encouraged it a lot. He wanted to beautify the city of Paris and for this purpose he had imported several artistic objects to Paris from Italy. Napoleon asked the craftsmen of France to make beautiful articles, and thus hundreds of unemployed craftsmen could get work. He also encouraged literature.
(iii) The Legion of Honour : Napoleon established the Legion of Honour in order to inject feeling of honour among the French people. The people were added to it on the basis of their merit and not on that of hereditariness. Those who influenced Napoleon by their ability, courage or by any other work of outstanding quality, were given the title of Legion of Honour. He also developed a new kind of nobility by awarding pieces of land to his well wishers. In fact, both these were against the principles of revolution because it gave birth to new classes. But Napoleon thought that the institution of the Legion of Honour was necessary to encourage his supporters.
(iv) Economic Reforms : The economic condition of France had deteriorated rapidly during the course of the Revolution. The taxes were not realised properly. Trade and commerce and agriculture were badly affected. Napoleon paid his earnest attention to reforming the ailing economy. First of all, he cut down the state expenditure and the responsibility for collecting taxes was handed over to the Central Government. It proved to be beneficial for the government as well as for the tax-payers. To increase the credit of France, he established the Bank of France. He abolished the Guild System and prohibited the merchants from making fresh guilds, because according to Napoleon Bonaparte these guilds were the centres of corruption and indiscipline. In order to settle the disputes between the merchants and the labourers, an Industrial Committee was formed by Napoleon, but the merchants had their majority in this committee.
(v) Educational Reforms : Napoleon carried out several reforms in the field of education but he was of the opinion that the educational institutions should be under the control of the state. The courses of Paris University and the affiliated colleges were decided by the Government. Some limitations were placed on the study of politics, philosophy and history. Napoleon used to think that the study of these subjects raised several problems in the smooth way of life. The following schools were flourishing in France during the reign of Consuls. (vi) Religious Reforms (Concordat) : Napoleon used to say that "a state without a religion is like a vessel without a compass." The Pope agreed to the decision of the revolutionary period that the property of the Church which was confiscated during the course of Revolution would not be given back. The education would be controlled by the State. No official of the Church was to be allowed to open educational institutions without the prior permission of State. No clergyman was to be allowed to leave his parish. All the officials of the Church would receive their salary and take an oath of loyalty to the Government. The clergymen who were imprisoned during the course of Revolution were to be released; and those who had fled from France, were to be permitted to return to France.