explain in detail various types of errors.
Answers
Answer:
Errors are also divided into three types.
Absolute errors ⇒ The difference of the true value to the experimental value is called as the Absolute Errors. 2. Relative errors. ⇒ The ratio of the absolute errors to the true value is called as the Relative errors.
Explanation:
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Answer:
Types of Errors:
In general, the errors in measurement can be broadly classified as (a) systematic errors and (b) random errors (c) Least count error
Explanation:
The systematic errors are those errors that tend to be in one direction, either positive or negative. Basically, these are the errors whose causes are known.
(a) Instrumental errors:
These errors arise from the errors due to imperfect design or calibration of the measuring instrument, zero error in the instrument, etc.
Example:
Temperature graduations of a thermometer may be inadequately calibrated [it may read 103 °C at the boiling point of water at STP (Standard Temperature & Pressure) whereas it should read 100 °C).
In a vernier calliper the zero mark of vernier scale may not coincide with the zero mark of the main scale, or simply an ordinary metre scale may be worn off at one end.
(b) Imperfection in experimental technique or procedure
To determine the temperature of a human body, a thermometer placed under the armpit will always give a temperature lower than the actual value of the body temperature.
Other external conditions (such as changes in humidity, temperature, wind velocity, etc.) during the experiment may systematically affect the measurement.
(c) Personal errors
Such errors arise due to an individual’s bias, lack of proper setting of the apparatus or individual’s carelessness in taking observations without observing proper precautions, etc. For example, if you, by habit, always hold your head a bit too far to the right while reading the position of a needle on the scale, you will introduce an error due to parallax.
Random errors
The random errors are those errors, which occur irregularly and hence are random with respect to sign and size. These can arise due to random and unpredictable fluctuations in experimental conditions (e.g. unpredictable fluctuations in temperature, voltage supply, mechanical vibrations of experimental set-ups, etc), personal (unbiased) errors by the observer taking readings, etc. For example, when the same person repeats the same observation, it is very likely that he may get different readings everytime.