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As a liquid evaporates, the vapors on the surface of the liquid exert a vapor pressure. Vapor pressure varies with the liquid's temperature.
When vapor pressure equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure, boiling occurs. The normal boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which vapor pressure is equal to the standard atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg (1 atm). If atmospheric pressure changes, a liquid's boiling point will also change.
Figure 4.3 illustrates the relationship between vapor pressure and temperature for four organic compounds belonging to the alkane group. The normal boiling point is indicated by a horizontal dashed line.
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