explain process of election in India (in big points mim. 5 points)
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Elections in the Republic of India include elections for the Parliament, Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha, the Legislative Assemblies, and numerous other Councils and local bodies.
According to Constitution of India, elections for the Parliament and the State Legislative Assemblies should take place every five years, unless a state of emergency has been declared. Any vacancy caused by death or resignation must be filled through an election within six months of any such occurrence. The elections for the lower houses (in Parliament and in the states) use the first-past-the-post electoral system (i.e. the candidate with the majority of the votes wins the election).
Elections for one-third of the seats of the upper house of the Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, are conducted every two years. The members of the upper house are elected indirectly by the state legislative assemblies based on proportional representation. Members of the state legislative councils (in states that have an upper house) are elected indirectly through local bodies.
The 2014 general election involved an electorate of 863,500,000 people. It was conducted in nine stages.[1][2] The expenditure for the 2014 election was approximately 3765 crore. The cost per voter was Rs 1375.[3]Votes were cast using over one million electronic voting machines.[4] In the 2014 election, the National Democratic Alliance led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power. The BJP secured a majority of 282 seats and Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister of India. As per the Center for media studies, Rs. 30,000 crore were spent during the 2014 Lok sabha elections in India.
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According to Constitution of India, elections for the Parliament and the State Legislative Assemblies should take place every five years, unless a state of emergency has been declared. Any vacancy caused by death or resignation must be filled through an election within six months of any such occurrence. The elections for the lower houses (in Parliament and in the states) use the first-past-the-post electoral system (i.e. the candidate with the majority of the votes wins the election).
Elections for one-third of the seats of the upper house of the Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, are conducted every two years. The members of the upper house are elected indirectly by the state legislative assemblies based on proportional representation. Members of the state legislative councils (in states that have an upper house) are elected indirectly through local bodies.
The 2014 general election involved an electorate of 863,500,000 people. It was conducted in nine stages.[1][2] The expenditure for the 2014 election was approximately 3765 crore. The cost per voter was Rs 1375.[3]Votes were cast using over one million electronic voting machines.[4] In the 2014 election, the National Democratic Alliance led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power. The BJP secured a majority of 282 seats and Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister of India. As per the Center for media studies, Rs. 30,000 crore were spent during the 2014 Lok sabha elections in India.
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Most important steps involved in election Procedure in India are:
1. Formation of Constituencies:
The Constitution lays down that after the completion of each census the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha to States shall be readjusted. Similarly, the constituencies for elections to the legislative assemblies are also readjusted.
2. Filling of Nominations:
The nomination of candidates is an important part of the election process. The regulations require that the candidate or the person who proposes his name files the nomination papers with the Returning Officer. In order to be chosen a member of the Rajya Sabha or the State Legislative Council, a person must be not less than 30 years of age.
For election to the Lok sabha or the State Legislative Assembly, a person should have attained an age of 25 years. A person is disqualified for being chosen as a member of any House, (i) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or of any State (The offices of Ministers or Deputy Ministers are not regarded as offices of profit for this purpose); (ii) if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court; (iii) if he is an un-discharged insolvent; (iv) if he has ceased to be a citizen of India; and (v) if he is so disqualified under any law made by Parliament.
3. Scrutiny of Nominations:
The Returning Officer scrutinizes the nomination papers very carefully. When someone is dissatisfied, he is officially stopped from contesting election for six years. The candidates can withdraw their nomination papers even after they have been found in order.
Every candidate standing for election to the Lok Sabha or to State Legislative Assembly has to make a security deposit of Rs. 10,000 arid Rs. 5,000 respectively. In case the candidate belongs to any of the Scheduled Castes or Tribes, the security deposit is reduced by half.
The security deposit of such candidates as have obtained less than one-sixth of the total number of valid votes polled is forfeited.
4. Election Campaign:
Techniques of election campaign and the tools employed by the parties and the independent candidates are many:
Electioneering (Activities and Techniques to Persuade Voters):
The parties and the candidates usually make use of these techniques in order to carry their message to the voters (a) public meetings and rallies are organised and processions taken out. The party leaders, especially the crowd pullers, are assigned the task to address public meetings; (b) the street corner meetings are held; (c) the candidates, along with the influential persons of the area, do door-to- door canvassing; (d) new slogans are coined to attract the masses; (e) advertisements are released to the press (the popular daily and weekly newspapers); and (f) the Radio and the Television are pressed into service to broadcast the speeches and panel-discussions of leaders of various parties.
5. Polling Personnel and the Polling:
The election campaign must be stopped 48 hours before the time when poll concludes on the polling day.
Presiding Officer supervises the whole of the polling process and ensures that all persons working under him adhere to the electoral norms and practices.
The voter records his vote either by placing the seal-mark against the name of the candidate he wants to vote for or by pressing the button of the voting machine.
6. Counting of Votes and Declaration of Results:
After the polling has ended the ballot boxes or the voting machines are sealed and carried under custody to the counting stations. Then the process of counting the votes begins. In 1979, the practice of booth-wise counting of ballot paper was revived.
The parties felt that by doing so it would be easier to detect rigging and take necessary action. However, there is no hard and fast rule as to the counting of votes and the Election authorities are free to mix up the ballot papers from all the booths, if the feel that it ensured secrecy with regard to the pattern of voting. The candidate who obtains the highest number of votes is declared elected.
7. Submission of Account Relating to Election Expenses:
The law fixes the maximum limit of the expenses to be incurred by various contenders on their election. In 1998, the limit of election expenses for an Assembly election in most States was raised from Rs. 1.50 lakh to Rs. 6 lakh.
It was enchanced from Rs. 4.50 lakh to Rs. 15 lakh for a Parliamentary contest. The candidates are required to file an account of the election expenses. It is a corrupt practice for a candidate to spend more money than the prescribed amount on his election.
8. Election Disputes:
The Constitution had originally provided for the appointment of Election Tribunals for deciding disputes arising in connection with elections. The Nineteenth Amendment Act (1966) abolished this provision and laid down that the election disputes would be decided by the High Courts.
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please mark as brainliest
Most important steps involved in election Procedure in India are:
1. Formation of Constituencies:
The Constitution lays down that after the completion of each census the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha to States shall be readjusted. Similarly, the constituencies for elections to the legislative assemblies are also readjusted.
2. Filling of Nominations:
The nomination of candidates is an important part of the election process. The regulations require that the candidate or the person who proposes his name files the nomination papers with the Returning Officer. In order to be chosen a member of the Rajya Sabha or the State Legislative Council, a person must be not less than 30 years of age.
For election to the Lok sabha or the State Legislative Assembly, a person should have attained an age of 25 years. A person is disqualified for being chosen as a member of any House, (i) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or of any State (The offices of Ministers or Deputy Ministers are not regarded as offices of profit for this purpose); (ii) if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court; (iii) if he is an un-discharged insolvent; (iv) if he has ceased to be a citizen of India; and (v) if he is so disqualified under any law made by Parliament.
3. Scrutiny of Nominations:
The Returning Officer scrutinizes the nomination papers very carefully. When someone is dissatisfied, he is officially stopped from contesting election for six years. The candidates can withdraw their nomination papers even after they have been found in order.
Every candidate standing for election to the Lok Sabha or to State Legislative Assembly has to make a security deposit of Rs. 10,000 arid Rs. 5,000 respectively. In case the candidate belongs to any of the Scheduled Castes or Tribes, the security deposit is reduced by half.
The security deposit of such candidates as have obtained less than one-sixth of the total number of valid votes polled is forfeited.
4. Election Campaign:
Techniques of election campaign and the tools employed by the parties and the independent candidates are many:
Electioneering (Activities and Techniques to Persuade Voters):
The parties and the candidates usually make use of these techniques in order to carry their message to the voters (a) public meetings and rallies are organised and processions taken out. The party leaders, especially the crowd pullers, are assigned the task to address public meetings; (b) the street corner meetings are held; (c) the candidates, along with the influential persons of the area, do door-to- door canvassing; (d) new slogans are coined to attract the masses; (e) advertisements are released to the press (the popular daily and weekly newspapers); and (f) the Radio and the Television are pressed into service to broadcast the speeches and panel-discussions of leaders of various parties.
5. Polling Personnel and the Polling:
The election campaign must be stopped 48 hours before the time when poll concludes on the polling day.
Presiding Officer supervises the whole of the polling process and ensures that all persons working under him adhere to the electoral norms and practices.
The voter records his vote either by placing the seal-mark against the name of the candidate he wants to vote for or by pressing the button of the voting machine.
6. Counting of Votes and Declaration of Results:
After the polling has ended the ballot boxes or the voting machines are sealed and carried under custody to the counting stations. Then the process of counting the votes begins. In 1979, the practice of booth-wise counting of ballot paper was revived.
The parties felt that by doing so it would be easier to detect rigging and take necessary action. However, there is no hard and fast rule as to the counting of votes and the Election authorities are free to mix up the ballot papers from all the booths, if the feel that it ensured secrecy with regard to the pattern of voting. The candidate who obtains the highest number of votes is declared elected.
7. Submission of Account Relating to Election Expenses:
The law fixes the maximum limit of the expenses to be incurred by various contenders on their election. In 1998, the limit of election expenses for an Assembly election in most States was raised from Rs. 1.50 lakh to Rs. 6 lakh.
It was enchanced from Rs. 4.50 lakh to Rs. 15 lakh for a Parliamentary contest. The candidates are required to file an account of the election expenses. It is a corrupt practice for a candidate to spend more money than the prescribed amount on his election.
8. Election Disputes:
The Constitution had originally provided for the appointment of Election Tribunals for deciding disputes arising in connection with elections. The Nineteenth Amendment Act (1966) abolished this provision and laid down that the election disputes would be decided by the High Courts.
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