Explain quantum theory is best compared to classical theory.
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Question:-
Explain quantum theory is best compared to classical theory..??
Answer:-
Quantum Theory:-
- The electrons are treated as both waves and as particles. They follow de Broglie hypothesis.
- Electrons follow the uncertainty principle.
- Electrons exhibit their intrinsic nature i.e. spin.
- Electrons follow the Pauli’s exclusion principle and Fermi-Dirac statistics. The pair of electrons are described using Bose Einstein statistics, example Cooper pairs in superconductors.
- The state of electrons are usually described by a probability function that is usually incorporated into the Schrodinger’s equation.
- The physical parameters of electrons such as energy, momentum etc., are represented as operators.
- The energy of electron is quantized.
- As per quantum theory not all the electrons respond to thermal energy kT. But, only the fraction of electrons located in the range kT around the Fermi energy will respond to kT.
- In most of the applications electrons are treated as plane waves in momentum space.
- As per quantum theory the electrons exhibit discrete Hall resistance in Hall effect.
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Classical Theory:-
- Electrons are treated as point like particles, charge fields, and as gas molecules in an electron gas.
- The electrons follow the fundamental Coulomb’s inverse square law.
- They follow Maxwell Boltzmann’s distribution to evaluate their mean velocity and mean free path etc., especially for conductors.
- As per classical theory the electrons present at a particular temperature T exhibits the average thermal energy kT and the energy varies continuously.
- The classical electrons in a conductor follow Ohm’s law.
- They also follow the classical Lorentz Force to explain the phenomenon of Hall effect.
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