Question

Explain Rutherford model of atom

Answer 1

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Answer:


With Thompson's model of atom, the $\alpha$ particles would be expected to be only deflected by collisions with the electrons in the atom. On the basis of the result of alpha scattering experiment, Rutherford suggested the atom model:


1). An atom may be regarded as a sphere of diameter $10^{10}$ m but whole of the positive charge and almost the entire mass of the atom is concentrated in a small central core, called nucleus, having a diameter of $10^{-14}$ m.


2). The nucleus is surrounded by the electrons.
In other words, the electrons are spread over the remaining part of the atom, leaves the plenty of empty space in the atom.


3). As the atom is electrically neutral, the total positive charge on the nucleus is equal to the total negative charge of the electrons in the
atom.


4). Rutherford pointed out that the electrons inside the atom are not stationary for if they were at rest, they would be pulled into the positive nucleus due to strong electrostaic force of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons.


He assumed that the electrons are resolving around the nucleus in circular orbits. The necessary centripetal force is provided to them by the electrostaic force of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons.



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Answer 2

$\huge\textbf{Rutherford's Model of an atom}$

Also called $\textbf{Rutherford's}$ $\textbf{Scattering Experiment.}$ In this experiment a very thin gold foil is bombard by alpha-particles. 

A stream of high energy alpha-particles from radioactive element, is bombard on a thin gold foil, foil has a circular fluorescent ZnS screen around it. Whenever alpha-particle after passing through gold foil, strikes to a ZnS circular screen. It produces a light. But results of scattering experiment were quite unexpected. It was $\textbf{observed}$ that :-

* A small fraction of the alpha-particles was deflected by small angles.

* Most of the alpha-particles passing through gold foil undeflected.

* A very few alpha-particles bounded, were deflected by nearly 180°.
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→ On the basis of the above observations, Rutherford gave some $\textbf{conclusions}$ :-

* As most of the alpha-particles passed through foil undeflected, it means most of the space of the gold atom is empty.

* A few positively alpha-particles were deflected because of a very small nuclear position of the gold atoms.

* By this Rutherford conclude that the volume occupied by the nucleus is very small as compared to the nucleus of an atom.
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→ On the basis of the above observations and conclusions, Rutherford proposed the $\textbf{Structure of an atom}$ :-

* Atom consists of two parts - Nuclear and Extra nuclear protons.

› Nuclear proton - Has nucleus or positive parts or protons.

› Extra nuclear proton - Has electrons or negative part.

* Nucleus is surrounded by electrons that move around the nucleus with a very high speed in circular path or orbits.

* Total positive charge of nucleus is equal to the total negative charge of electrons, in that atom. So, on atom is electrically neutral.
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