Question

Explain Rutherford s experiment

Answer 1

The Rutherford experiment is the one that involves the gold foil being hit by a beam of alpha particles. Some of the alpha particles were deflected (bounced back) while the others continued on a straight path. 

The experiment demonstrated that the atom was mostly empty space. This was shown by the particles that were not deflected. 

The experiment also demonstrated that there is a part of the atom in which its mass is concentrated. This was shown by the particles that were deflected. It can be inferred that the deflected particles must have hit something that made them bounced back. 

This something that these particles hit is the nucleus of the atom. The nucleus is found at the very center of the atom. This is where the mass of the atom was concentrated. Later on, the protons and neutrons were discovered as part of the nucleus. 

Rutherford's contribution to the development of the atom is his discovery of the nucleus. We attribute to him the nuclear model of the atom.



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Answer 2

$\huge{\boxed{\pink{\it{Rutherford's\: Experiment}}}}$

Rutherford bombarded a very thin piece of gold foil with $\alpha$ particles as shown below:

Observations:

From this experiment Rutherford found that,

▪️Most of the alpha particles passed through the gold foil undeflected.

▪️A small fraction of alpha particles was deflected by small angles.

▪️A very few alpha particles [>1 in 20,000] bounced back, that is, were deflected by nearly 180°.

Conclusions:

On the basis of these observations, Rutherford drew the following conclusions regarding the structure of an atom.

$\star$ As majority of the particles went through the foil undeflected, indicates most of the space in an atom is empty.

$\star$The scattering of a few particles through smaller angles and very few through longer angle from centre of the atom, indicates protons are present at the centre of an atom.

$\star$The heavy positively charged central part of the atom is called nucleus.

$\star$Nearly all the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.

Note: The size of the nucleus is very small as compared with the size of the atom. The radius of the atom is about $10^{10}$m, while that of nucleus is $10^{-15}$m.

Note:- Refer the attachment for the diagram.