Question

Explain sub-atomic particles.

Answer 1

Introduction
The Bohr model is outdated, but it depicts the three basic subatomic particles in a comprehensible way. Electron clouds are more accurate representations of where electrons are found. Darker areas represent where the electrons are more likely to be found, and lighter areas represent where they are less likely to be found.
Protons+1.6022 x 10-19+11.6726 x 10-241.00731/2Neutrons001.6740 x 10-241.00781/2Electrons-1.6022 x 10-19-19.1094 x 10-280.000548581/2
Au is the SI symbol for atomic mass unit.

The positive charge of protons cancels the negative charge of the electrons. Neutrons have no charge.
With regard to mass, protons and neutrons are very similar, and have a much greater mass tha

Protons were discovered by Ernest Rutherford in the year 1919, when he performed his gold foil experiment. He projected alpha particles (helium nuclei) at gold foil, and the positive alpha particles were deflected. He concluded that protons exist in a nucleus and have a positive nuclear charge. The atomic number or proton number is the number of protons present in an atom. The atomic number determines an element (e.g., the element of atomic number 6 is carbon). Electrons

Electrons were discovered by Sir John Joseph Thomson in 1897. After many experiments involving cathode rays, J.J. Thomson demonstrated the ratio of mass to electric charge of cathode rays. He confirmed that cathode rays are fundamental particles that are negatively-charged; these cathode rays became known as electrons. Robert Millikan, through oil drop experiments, found the value of the electronic charge.
Electrons are located in an electron cloud, which is the area surrounding the nucleus of the atom. There is usually a higher probability of finding an electron closer to to the nucleus of an atom. Electrons can abbreviated as e-. Electrons have a negative charge that is equal in magnitude to the positive charge of the protons. However, their mass is considerably less than that of a proton or neutron (and as such is usually considered insignificant). Unequal amounts of protons and electrons create ions: positive cations or negative anions.
Neutrons
Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932, when he demonstrated that penetrating radiation incorporated beams of neutral particles. Neutrons are located in the 
# Neutrons = Atomic Mass Number - Proton Number
Atomic mass number is abbreviated as A.
Proton number(or atomic number) is abbreviated Z.
# Protons = Proton Number or Atomic Number

In neutral atoms, # Electrons = # Protons

In ions, # Electrons = # Protons - (Charge)

Charge is written with the number before the positive or negative sign
Example, 1+
Alpha Particles
Alpha particles can be denoted by He2+,α2+, or just α. They are helium nuclei, which consist of two protons and two neutrons. The net spin on an alpha particle is zero. They result from large, unstable atoms through a process called alpha decay. Alpha decay is the process by which an atom emits an alpha particle, thereby becoming a new element. This only occurs in elements with large, radioactive nuclei. The smallest noted element that emits alpha particles is element 52, tellurium. Alpha particles are generally not harmful. They can be easily stopped by a single sheet of paper or by one's skin. However, they can cause considerable damage to the insides of one's body. Alpha decay is used as a safe power source for radioisotope generators used in artificial heart pacemakers and space probes. 
Figure: Alpha Decay involves the emission of an alpha particle from the nucleus
Beta Particles
Beta particles (β) are either free electrons or positrons with high energy and high speed; they are emitted in a process called beta decay. Positrons have the exact same mass as an electron, but are positively-charged. There are two forms of beta decay: the emission of electrons, and the emission of positrons. Beta particles, which are 100 times more penetrating than alpha particles, can be stopped by household items like wood or an aluminum plate or sheet. Beta particles have the ability to penetrate living matter and can sometimes alter the structure of molecules they strike. The alteration usually is considered damage, and can cause cancer and death. In contrast to beta particle's harmful effects, they can also be used in radiation to treat cancer. 
Beta- (β-) or Electron Emission
Electron emission may result when excess neutrons make the nucleus of an atom unstable. As a result, one of the neutrons decays into a proton, an electron, and an anti-neutrino. The proton remains in the nucleus, and the electron and anti-neutrino are emitted. The electron is called a beta particle. The equation for this process is given below:
01n→11p++e−+νe¯(1)(1)10n→11p++e−+νe¯

n = Neutron
p+ = Proton
e- = Electron (beta particle)
νe = Anti-neutrinoβ- Decay

Answer 2

Dear Student,

◆ Sub-atomic particles -

• Three main sub-atomic particles of an atom are proton, neutron and electron.
• Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged and neutrons are uncharged.
• Each atom contains protons & neutrons in the nucleus and electrons revolving around nucleus in specific orbits.
• Protons give positive charge to the nucleus. Electrons give negatively charge to the periphery.
• Weight of proton and neutron is approximately same while that of electron is negligible.

Thanks dear. Hope this helps you...