Explain subsistence farming in detail.
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Subsistence farming, form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer's family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade. Preindustrial agricultural peoples throughout the world have traditionally practiced subsistence farming.
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Explanation:
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☆ Subsistence Farming ☆
This type of farming is practised to meet the needs of the farmers family. Traditionally, low levels of Technology and household labour are used to produce on a small output. Sub-sistence farming can be further classified as intensive subsistence and primitive subsistence farming.
(i) Intensive Subsistence Agriculture :- The Farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tool and more labour. Climates with large number of days with sun sign and fertile soil permit growing of more than one crop annually on the same plot. Rice is the main crop. Other crop include wheat, maize, pulses and oilseeds. Intensive subsistence agriculture is prevalent in the thickly populated area of the monsoon region of south, south-east and east Asia.
(ii) Primitive Subsistence Agriculture :- It includes shifting cultivation and nomadic herding.
(iii) Shifting Cultivation :- It is practised in the thickly forested area of Amazon Basin, tropical Africa, part of south-east Asia and north-east India. These are the areas of heavy rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation. A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. The ashes are the mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam, potatoes and cassava are grown. After the soil loses its fertility the land is abandoned and the cultivator move to a new plot. Shifting cultivation is also known as slash and burn agriculture.
(iv) Nomardic Herding :- It is practiced in the semi-arid and arid region of Sahara Central Asia and some part of India like Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. In this type of farming herdsmen move from place to place with their animals for fodder and water, along define routes. This type of movement arises in response to climatic constraint and terrain. Sheep, camel, yak and goats are most commonly reared. They provide milk, meat, wool, hides and other product to the harder and their families.