Question

Explain technological and institutional reforms in simple language.

Answer 1

Some reforms are:-
1- establishments of grameen banks and corporate banks for the Loan to farmers for economic help
2- launch of minimum support price.. Procure ment price
3- use of hyv seed...modern machined...... Modern tech
4- KCC (KISAN CREDIT CARD) ..... PAIS
5- crop insurance
6- green and white revolution
7- special weather bulletins

Answer 2

Agriculture is considered to be the backbone of India with two-thirds of the population being dependent on it. Since agriculture provides livelihood to more than 60% of its population  certain technical and institutional reforms have been introduced which have brought the following benefits to the farmers:

a. In realizing the importance of agriculture government introduced a number of Land Reforms which was the main focus of first five-year plans like the abolition of zamindari, Such reforms have prevented the exploitation of farmers in the hands of the zamindars and most importantly have recognized the right to the actual tiller.
b. Likewise, collectivization of land, cooperation has helped small farmers to enhance their production.
 c. Likewise in 1960’s and 70’s government focused on green revolution green revolution which involved the use of HYV of seeds, pesticides, fertilizers which helped in increasing food production
d. Green revolution brought about increase in Food grain production from 82.0 million tonnes to 201..6 million tonnes. States like Punjab, Haryana excessively benefited from it.The expansion in production made farmers approach the market and sell surplus in the market.
e. Creation of dams and various multi-purpose projects have helped in meeting irrigation needs of the farmers.
f. Schemes like Kissan Credit Card or providing minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops were also initiated by the government which provided required financial assistance, cheap loans to the farmers. 
g. Policies like crop Insurance, the establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies have been providing loans to farmers at a low interest rate.
h. In an effort to increase agriculture’s share to the national economy government has made concerted efforts to modernize it. Like, the establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural research, agricultural universities, horticulture development etc.
i. Agrarian helpline services have also been introduced to provide assistance to farmers.