explain the administrative system of Mughal rulers
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The Military administration or the Mansabdari system was the backbone of the Mughal Empire which started in its crude form from Zahir-ud-din Babur till its refined form in the reign of Akbar. TheMughal army was divided into three types. ... Akbar is known for his most efficient Mansabdari system
The Mughal administration was basically divided into three types which are as following:
1. The central administration
2. The military administration
3. The revenue administration
In the central administration the emperor was the head of the state having unlimited power of formulating laws, he was the Chief Executive and the military commander. The emperor was the final despot and his law or order was the final rather he was considered as the shadow of God on earth as in the case of Jala-ud-din Akbar. Though the emperor enjoyed unlimited powers and authority yet he used to take into consideration the advices given by the court officials or nobility which had great influence over the state politics. The Mughals were quite sensible in terms of using the loyalties of their nobility unlike the sultans mostly came under the influence of their nobility and usually lost their power into their hands.
Under the emperor were the ministers who were appointed for different state tasks and assisted the ruler. Each state department had its minister who was further the head of junior ministers and assistants. There was the prime minister who was responsible for the overall state running. Then there was a Mir Bukhshi who was the in charge of the military. He was supposed to function for the recruitment, maintaining huliya, branding of the horses and supplies to the army. Then there was a minister called Sadar-us-Sudur who was responsible for religious matters. Chief Qazi was another main minister who was the highest judicial authority in the state. For keeping a moral status of the society and to prevent social evils like drinking and gambling there was a minister called the Muhtasib. For the fulfillment of the personal needs of the ruler and the royal family there was Khan-e-Saman. In the provincial administration, the state was divided into some provinces with the head of the province called the Nizam or the Subedar. The Subedar, the Diwan, the Sadar, the Qazi, the Qotawal and the Waqiya Navis were the important officers in every province. The Subedar had full authority over the province as the emperor had over the state, he had a Mansab and a bigger Jagir, kept a large army at his deposal and was accountable for the maintenance of law and order in the province. Then there was a provincial minister called the Nizam who managed the finances, the Bakhshi was responsible for the organization of the royal army. The Waqiya Navis was the head of the spy system. The Kotawal was a keeper of peace in the province, for the maintenance of religious harmony there were the Qazi and the Sadr.
For a convenience in administration the provinces were being divided into several Sarkars or districts which had the Foujdar (military officer), the Amal Guzar (finance minister), the Bitikchi (assistant of the Amal Guzar), the Khazandar (treasurer) of the district. The districts were further divided into Parghanas. The important officials were the finance minister, the treasurer, the village Patwaries and the clerks. The city administration was run by a Kotwal, whereas the village was administered by the local villagers.
The Military administration or the Mansabdari system was the backbone of the Mughal Empire which started in its crude form from Zahir-ud-din Babur till its refined form in the reign of Akbar.
The finance administration was heavily concentrated upon the collection of the revenues which were basically the loot of the war, the trade taxes, the annual tributes and the land revenues. The largest source of income was in fact the land revenue which was initiated by Babur and strengthened by Akbar.
The Mughal administration was basically divided into three types which are as following:
1. The central administration
2. The military administration
3. The revenue administration
In the central administration the emperor was the head of the state having unlimited power of formulating laws, he was the Chief Executive and the military commander. The emperor was the final despot and his law or order was the final rather he was considered as the shadow of God on earth as in the case of Jala-ud-din Akbar. Though the emperor enjoyed unlimited powers and authority yet he used to take into consideration the advices given by the court officials or nobility which had great influence over the state politics. The Mughals were quite sensible in terms of using the loyalties of their nobility unlike the sultans mostly came under the influence of their nobility and usually lost their power into their hands.
Under the emperor were the ministers who were appointed for different state tasks and assisted the ruler. Each state department had its minister who was further the head of junior ministers and assistants. There was the prime minister who was responsible for the overall state running. Then there was a Mir Bukhshi who was the in charge of the military. He was supposed to function for the recruitment, maintaining huliya, branding of the horses and supplies to the army. Then there was a minister called Sadar-us-Sudur who was responsible for religious matters. Chief Qazi was another main minister who was the highest judicial authority in the state. For keeping a moral status of the society and to prevent social evils like drinking and gambling there was a minister called the Muhtasib. For the fulfillment of the personal needs of the ruler and the royal family there was Khan-e-Saman. In the provincial administration, the state was divided into some provinces with the head of the province called the Nizam or the Subedar. The Subedar, the Diwan, the Sadar, the Qazi, the Qotawal and the Waqiya Navis were the important officers in every province. The Subedar had full authority over the province as the emperor had over the state, he had a Mansab and a bigger Jagir, kept a large army at his deposal and was accountable for the maintenance of law and order in the province. Then there was a provincial minister called the Nizam who managed the finances, the Bakhshi was responsible for the organization of the royal army. The Waqiya Navis was the head of the spy system. The Kotawal was a keeper of peace in the province, for the maintenance of religious harmony there were the Qazi and the Sadr.
For a convenience in administration the provinces were being divided into several Sarkars or districts which had the Foujdar (military officer), the Amal Guzar (finance minister), the Bitikchi (assistant of the Amal Guzar), the Khazandar (treasurer) of the district. The districts were further divided into Parghanas. The important officials were the finance minister, the treasurer, the village Patwaries and the clerks. The city administration was run by a Kotwal, whereas the village was administered by the local villagers.
The Military administration or the Mansabdari system was the backbone of the Mughal Empire which started in its crude form from Zahir-ud-din Babur till its refined form in the reign of Akbar.
The finance administration was heavily concentrated upon the collection of the revenues which were basically the loot of the war, the trade taxes, the annual tributes and the land revenues. The largest source of income was in fact the land revenue which was initiated by Babur and strengthened by Akbar.
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Certain fundamental changes were brought about by the Mughal emperors in the administrative set up of India. As the Mughal emperors did not accept the Khalifa as their nominal head, so they were free from the nominal authority of any foreign power.
The Mughal rule was not theoretic. The king was accepted as the arbiter in case of difference of opinion regarding Islamic laws.
Furthermore, the Mughal rulers also adopted the policy of religious toleration to consolidate the Mughal rule in India. Only Aurangzeb reversed the policy. Akbar had introduced an excellent system of administration to strengthen the nescient Mughal empire for which he has rightly been called as the true founder of Mughal rule in India.
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