Explain the anomalous behaviour of water
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Answer:
Water is in a class by itself with exceptional properties when compared with other materials. The anomalous properties of water are those where the behavior of liquid water is entirely different from what is found with other liquids. a These hydrogen bonds also produce and control the local tetrahedral arrangement of the water molecules. The strength and directionality of the hydrogen bonds control liquid water’s thermodynamic and dynamic behavior. If hydrogen-bonding did not exist, water would behave non-anomalously as expected from similar molecules. No other material is commonly found as solid (ice), liquid (water), or gas (steam). d Frozen water (ice) also shows anomalies when compared with other solids. Although it is an apparently simple molecule (H2O), it has a highly complex and anomalous character due to its inter-molecular hydrogen-bonding (see for example). As a gas, water is one of lightest known, as a liquid, it is much denser than expected and as a solid, it is much lighter than expected when compared with its liquid form. It can be extremely slippery and extremely sticky at the same time, d and this 'stick/slip' behavior is how we recognize the feel of water. Water is the most cohesive molecule in the Universe. Many other anomalies of water may remain to be discovered, such as the possible link of water to room temperature superconductivity. h An interesting history of the study of the anomalies of water has been published. Explanations for the water anomalies should be broad enough to cover all the anomalies with explanations suitable to only a sub-class of anomalies (and not suitable for others) being of interest but little utility.
As liquid water is so common-place in our everyday lives, it is often regarded as a ‘typical’ liquid. In reality, water is most atypical as a liquid, behaving as a quite different material at low temperatures to that when it is hot, with a division temperature of about 50 °C. It has often been stated that life depends on these anomalous properties of water. The anomalous macroscopic properties of water are derived from its microscopic structuring and reflect the balance between low-density and high-density structures.
The high cohesion between molecules gives it a high freezing and melting point, such that we and our planet are bathed in liquid water. The large heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and high water content in organisms contribute to thermal regulation and prevent local temperature fluctuations, thus allowing us to control our body temperature more easily. The high latent heat of evaporation gives resistance to dehydration and considerable evaporative cooling. It has unique hydration properties towards important biological macromolecules (particularly proteins and nucleic acids) that determine their three-dimensional structures, and hence their biological functions, in solution. This hydration forms gels that can reversibly undergo the gel-sol phase transitions that underlie many cellular mechanisms. Water ionizes and allows easy proton exchange between molecules, so contributing to the richness of the ionic interactions in biology. It easily picks up positive charge when brushing against al materials tested except for air where it picks up a negative charge. Also, it is an excellent solvent due to its polarity, high relative permittivity (dielectric constant) and small size, particularly for polar and ionic compounds and salts.
At 4 °C water expands on heating or cooling. This density maximum together with the low ice density results in (i) the necessity that all of a body of fresh water (not just its surface) is close to 4 °C before any freezing can occur, (ii) the freezing of rivers, lakes, and oceans is from the top down, so permitting survival of the bottom ecology, insulating the water from further freezing, reflecting back sunlight into space, and allowing rapid thawing, and (iii) density driven thermal convection causing seasonal mixing in deeper temperate waters carrying life-providing oxygen into the depths. The large heat capacity of the oceans and seas allows them to act as heat reservoirs such that sea temperatures vary only a third as much as land temperatures and so moderate our planet's climate (for example, the Gulf stream carries tropical warmth to northwestern Europe). The compressibility of water reduces the sea level by about 40 m giving us 5% more land.
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Answer:
The anomalous expansion of water is an abnormal property of water whereby it expands instead of contracting when the temperature goes from 4oC to 0oC, and it becomes less dense. The density becomes less and less as it freezes because molecules of water normally form open crystal structures when in solid form.
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