Explain the causes of indian backwardness in industry in the 19th century
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The French Revolution is not only a significant event in the history of Europe but of the entire world. Before the outbreak of the French Revolution, the political, social, and economic conditions were bad, but no revolution in the world ever takes place for any single cause.Even a number of ordinary reasons do not suffice as contributing to the outbreak of revolution. There must be a set of some vital causes at the back of every revolution.The fire of revolution smoldered slowly for a long time and ultimately flared up. A prominent scholar has observed in this connection:"The French Revolution sprang from a combination of intellectual ferment and material grievances; and it was the intellectual ferment that made material grievances more fiercely resented."
The following were the chief political causes responsible for the outbreak of the revolution in France:
1. The Autocracy of the Kings
The autocratic form of the government was prevalent in France the eve of French on Revolution. The kings regarded themselves as 'Representatives of God on Earth' and ruled over their subjects without any check of restraint.The will of the kings was law. No judicial enquirywas essential for the imprisonment of an individual. Persons like Voltaire and Mirabeau became the victims of the authority contained in the letters de cachet.Owing to being absolute authority the kings had not called any meeting of the Estates General for the last 175 years. Appointment of officers and their termination was their sole right.There was no definitepolicy of the nation and everywhere signs of chaos and confusion could be seen. The Bourbon rulers failed to control the state affairs properly with the result that people began to lose their faith in the king and wanted to end once and for all the absolute power of the king.
2. Defective Administration
The French administration was not being properly carried on. It was a hotbed of favouritism and nepotism. The prize posts were reserved for the aristocrats and the nobles, no matter, if they did not possess the required qualifications.All the important offices were given to the highest bidders. Though there was a governor in each province, yet these governors had no legislature, or councils. Similarly, the Municipalities and the Corporations also differed in their way of working from one to the other.In the same way, various laws were in operation. What was lawful in one town might be illegal in the other town.
3. Lack of Efficiency in the Administration
During the reign of Louis XIV France was famous in the entire Europe for its efficient administration but after his death no able and powerful ruler