EXPLAIN THE CAUSES OF LAW PRODUCTIVITY OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE . AND HOW PRODUCTIVITY CAN BE INCREASED?
Answers
Answer:
7 Reasons for Low Productivity in India Agriculture
Population Pressure: ...
Uneconomic Holdings: ...
Uncertain Monsoons and Inadequate Irrigation Facilities: ...
Subsistence Nature of Farming: ...
Decline in Soil Fertility: ...
Lack of Support Services: ...
Poor Organisation of Resourdces and Lack of Entrepreneurship:
Explanation:
1. Population Pressure:
Land is limited, and has almost reached the level where more expansion in cultivated area is not possible. The growth in population creates immense pressure on land.Even though land-human ratio in India is better compared to some of the developed countries like Japan, the Netherlands, Belgium and even China, other factors like very low yields and low levels of industrialisation in India compound the problem of population pressure on agricultural land.
2. Uneconomic Holdings:
The average size of landholdings in India in 2001 was less than two hectares. One-fourth of the total rural households own less than 0.4 hectare each, while another one-fourth are landless. This creates difficulties in application of modern inputs, adoption of scientific land improvement, water conservation and plant protection measures and in introducing mechanised operations.
These measures alone are capable of securing and stabilising high yields. The tardy progress of land reforms in most states has compounded this problem. Consolidation of land can help improve productivity.
3. Uncertain Monsoons and Inadequate Irrigation Facilities:
With more than half of the gross cropped area being rainfed, failure or inadequacy of rains causes fluctuation in yields. Even if the maximum irrigation potential is realised, around 86.5 mHa of gross cropped area will remain under rainfed conditions. This underlines the need to develop rainfed agriculture on scientific lines.
4. Subsistence Nature of Farming:
Indian agriculture is characterised by its subsistence nature, i.e., most of the produce is directly consumed by the producers and surplus, if any, is generally low. This is because most Indian farmers, being poor, use outdated implements and technology, and are not able to afford costly inputs. This results in low levels of returns and meagre incomes, which in turn means low savings and low levels of reinvestments. Thus, a vicious circle operates and stagnation in agriculture prevails.
5. Decline in Soil Fertility:
For an agricultural country like India, soil is a precious resource, and degradation- of soil is a serious problem, which leads to depletion of soil fertility. Soil erosion is the main form of degradation which occurs because of deforestation and unscientific agricultural practices like shifting cultivation. Increasing salinity, alkalinity and aridity because of mismanagement and repeated use are other reasons for loss of soil fertility.
6. Lack of Support Services:
This refers to the institutional support factors like support pricing, marketing and credit facilities. These services help create a favourable environment to induce a spirit of entrepreneurship among farmers by absorbing the risks involved in the agricultural activity. These services are particularly inadequate in case of coarse cereals, and pulses.
7. Poor Organisation of Resourdces and Lack of Entrepreneurship:
India has an underdeveloped agricultural infrastructure and institutions. Conditions of poverty and deprivation and unequal distribution of land resources hamper the evolution of an agricultural entrepreneur class.
An underdeveloped agricultural sector on account of low productivity is the main reason for low levels of diversification of the economy. A buoyant agricultural sector has been the basis for industrial development in the developed countries.
Answer:
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Explanation:
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