Explain the causes of revolt started by farmers in 1857.
Answers
Answer:
Revolt of 1857 - its causes and effects
Political Causes: After the downfall of Mughals and seeing the Maratha powers lost in IIIrd Battle of Panipat the Britishers followed an expansionist policy: ...
Economic Causes. ...
Social and Religious causes. ...
Military Causes. ...
Outside factors.
Answer:
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Explanation:
The causes which caused resentment against the British rule was Economic, Political, Socio-religious and Military. Let's discuss these causes in detail;
1. Political Causes:
After the downfall of Mughals and seeing the Maratha powers lost in IIIrd Battle of Panipat the Britishers followed an expansionist policy:
The annexation of Indian States by Doctrine of Lapse Policy.
The annexation of Awadh on the charge of Mis-Governance.
Disrespectful behaviour of English towards the Mughal Emperor as he was told to relinquish the Red Fort and also they said from now on his successor will not accept the regal title i.e Emperor of India.
Pensions of Certain rulers like Nana Saheb was Stopped.
2. Economic Causes
Destruction of Indian Agriculture - exorbitant rates of land revenue on poor farmers, farmers were unable to invest in the advancement of their agriculture which resulted on reduced productivity. Indian peasants were forced to grow commercial crops instead of food crops which led to serious famine. It is estimated that 12 major and minor famines took place between 1770 to 1857.
Permanent Settlement System - land rights of the peasants were given to Zamindars and were declared proprietors of the land. Moreover, the rates of assessment were exorbitantly high and exploitative.
Resentment among Zamindars - the Zamindars remained under the Britishers and the Company remained the original owner who could sell the land to the original bidder. Britishers often forfeited the rights of Zamindars by using quo-warranto against them. This resulted in the loss of their status.
Heavy Taxation - this led to extreme poverty and misery all over, the peasants harboured resentment against the British rule. The sepoys were also former peasants in uniform and were sympathetic to the condition of farmers.
Destruction of traditional industries - The company manipulated prices to the detriment of the Indian artisans. The artisans were forced to sell their goods to the British on prices set by the latter. The influx of cheap machine-made goods from Britain made the products of Indian artisans uneconomical. The British policy of One-way free trade and discriminatory tariff system discouraged Indian handicraft and promoted British goods causing the destruction of traditional handicraft industry. The ruin of the industry increased the pressure on agriculture and land.
Protectionist policies - Britain adopted a protectionist policy towards their industries against the Indian Industries, this included discriminatory tariffs, concessions and favourable treatment towards British industries.
3. Social and Religious causes
The British looked down upon the Indians as an inferior race and discriminated with them racially at every step. Indians were not allowed at many places such as railway compartments and public places as parks and hotels as these were specially reserved for the Englishmen. This racial arrogance of the British hurt the Indian masses most and they began to regard the Englishmen as their worst enemies.
The attempt to bring about social reforms in India by the British was not liked by the general public. The social legislations on the evils as sati, infanticide, re-marriage of widows, etc. were considered as interference in the religious matters of Indians about which the Englishmen knew nothing.
The introduction of English education, the propagation of the work of the Christian missionaries and the changing of the Hindu law of property to facilitate the conversion of Hindus to Christianity alarmed many orthodox Indians. They feared that these practices would upset the social and religious order of the traditional Indian society.
4. Military Causes
Restriction on wearing caste specific clothing and items, for example - turban for Sikhs was prohibited.
Forced to travel overseas which was forbidden in Hindu tradition, who was forced to take a pledge to serve outside the country.
Unequal pay for Indian sepoys, hence they were discriminated racially and subordinated everywhere, the highest post given to an Indian was of a Subedar.
The main trigger point for the revolt by the sepoys was the beef coatings on newly introduced Enfield rifles.
5. Outside factors
Some outside factors also played an important role such as
Crimean war of 1854
Punjab wars from 1845 to 49
First Afghan war 1838-42
The Britishers suffered serious losses in these wars which downgraded their status of a colonial empire.
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