Explain the characteristics of modern Cities.
Answers
Modern city system has increasingly become more complex in spatial context, with
impressive 3-dimensional features shown on its skyline, such as high-rise buildings, road
flyovers, tunnels and underground infrastructure. Focusing on such complex system, Urban
GIS, traditionally only concerns about 2-dimensional spatial relationships, has now pushed to
analyse, model and manage the 3-dimensional features of the modern urban system. Although
numerous works have been reported on the development and applications of 3D city models,
which form the foundation of 3D Urban GIS, they mostly serve for visualisation and
presentation purposes. Such 3D data models are not capable of dealing with problems of
spatial queries that rely on topological relationships, nor can they provide adequate spatial
operators for 3-dimensional spatial analysis.
This paper outlines the findings of review on 3D City Model (3DCM). Through the review of
existing works on the 3DCM, one may argue that almost no existing model that is optimised
for modelling today’s 3D cities, although they do serve for specific design purposes well (e.g.
visualisation and urban landscape planning). To adequately handle management problems of
modern 3D cities, an alternative approach is suggested, by integrating the concepts and
techniques of Object-Oriented (OO) GIS with those of Computer Aided Design (CAD). This
research pays particular attention on defining and formulating topological relationships
between complex spatial objects and corresponding fundamental spatial operators. It is
believed that the models developed in this study will form a solid foundation on which
applicable 3D urban GIS can be built.
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