explain the condition of italy before unification
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Italy was formally united into a nation in 1861. The greatest problem in the unification of Italy was its fragmentation into several political units, each under a different authority. Italy, before its unification, was divided into seven states: Sardinia-Piedmont, ruled by an Italian princely house; Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; Papal state; Lombardy and Venetia, ruled by Austrians; Tuscany, Modena and Parma. Sardinia-Piedmont took the responsibility of uniting Italy under its ruler, King Victor Emmanuel II and Chief Minister Count Cavour. Italian states had to fight several wars against Austria, Spain and France to drive them out of Italy.
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Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. This is shown in the points below
(i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg empire.
(ii) During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely House.
(iii) The North was under Austrian Habsburg, the center was ruled by the pope and the Southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
(iv) Even the Italian language had not any standard common form. It had many’regional and local variations.
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