Question

explain the developments in the final phase of freedom struggle til 1945 that led to india's independence?

Answer 1

The Indian independence movementencompassed activities and ideas aiming to end the East India Company rule (1757–1857) and the British Indian Empire (1857–1947) in the Indian subcontinent. The movement spanned a total of 90 years (1857–1947).



Imperial entities of India

Dutch India1605–1825Danish India1620–1869French India1668–1954

Portuguese India
(1505–1961)

Casa da Índia1434–1833Portuguese East India Company1628–1633

British India
(1612–1947)

East India Company1612–1757Company rule in India1757–1858British Raj1858–1947British rule in Burma1824–1948Princely states1721–1949Partition of India

1947



The first organised militant movements were in Bengal, but they later took movement in the newly formed Indian National Congress with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for Indian Civil Service (British India) examinations, as well as more rights, economic in nature, for the people of the soil. The early part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political self-rule proposed by leaders such as the Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. The last stages of the self-rule struggle from the 1920s onwards saw Congress adopt Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's policy of nonviolence and civil disobedience, and several other campaigns. Nationalists like Subhash Chandra Bose,Bhagat Singh preached armed revolution to achieve self-rule. Poets and writers such asSubramania Bharati, Rabindranath Tagore,Muhammad Iqbal, Josh Malihabadi,Mohammad Ali Jouhar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Kazi Nazrul Islam used literature, poetry and speech as a tool for political awareness. Feminists such asSarojini Naidu and Begum Rokeya promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in national politics. B. R. Ambedkar championed the cause of the disadvantaged sections of Indian society within the larger self-rule movement. The period of the Second World War saw the peak of the campaigns by the Quit India Movementled by Congress, and the Indian National Armymovement led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.

The Indian self-rule movement was a mass-based movement that encompassed various sections of society. It also underwent a process of constant ideological evolution.[1]Although the basic ideology of the movement was anti-colonial, it was supported by a vision of independent capitalist economic development coupled with a secular, democratic, republican, and civil-libertarianpolitical structure.[2] After the 1930s, the movement took on a strong socialist orientation, owing to the influence of Bhagat Singh's demand of Purn Swaraj (Complete Self-Rule).[1] The work of these various movements led ultimately to the Indian Independence Act 1947, which ended the suzerainty in India and the creation ofPakistan. India remained a Dominion of the Crown until 26 January 1950, when theConstitution of India came into force, establishing the Republic of India; Pakistan was a dominion until 1956, when it adopted its first republican constitution. In 1971, East Pakistan declared independence as thePeople's Republic of Bangladesh.

Answer 2

After the failure of cripps mission. It become obvious that the british would not grant freedom to India. Gandhiji feared that japan may attack the British possessions in india. Hence he wanted the British to leave India. Gandhiji gave final below to the britishers on Aug8, 1942 by launching quit india movement, it was a civil disobedience movement in response to gandhiji's call for immediate independence, Gandhiji's mantra of Do or Die inspired thousands of people.
Prime minister attlee of labour party came to power in britain. He was sympathetic towards the demand of indian people for freedom. A cabinet mission was sent to India in march, 1946. It proposed the formation of an interm govt. And contituent assembly. Muslim league refused to participate in the interm govt. They demanded a separate state for themselves. Lord mountabatten presented the plan.. And India was divided into - India and Pakistan ..