Explain the different methods used in this phase
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phasing methods that are routinely used in X-ray crystallography are technically difficult to apply to large macromolecular complexes. A low-resolution cryo-EM map of the complex under study thus provides a valuable complementary source of phase information. For high-symmetry structures, such as icosahedral viruses, application of robust computational averaging and extension algorithms to initial cryo-EM-derived phases is often sufficient to complete the structure determination without additional phase information. Examples of crystal structures phased with cryo-EM envelopes include proteases (Bosch et al., 2001; Wang et al., 1998), ribosomes (Ban et al., 1998; Cate et al., 1999; Thygesen et al., 1996), and icosahedral viruses (Dokland et al., 1997, 1998; Grimes et al., 1998; Helgstrand et al., 2003; Prasad et al., 1999; Reinisch et al., 2000; Wynne et al., 1999). Additional case studies are described by Xiong (2008), and use of a stain EM reconstruction for phasing is described by Trapani et al. (2010). Routine archiving of EM-derived maps facilitates the use of this method by the crystallography community.
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