Question

explain the factor that affects health in negative way​

Answer 1

Explanation:

This chapter examines some of the factors affecting health status that are driving health care spending among the Medicare population. The workshop presentations covered three such factors, which research shows are important to consider in projecting future Medicare costs:

health and health care cost consequences of obesity among the Medicare population;

the role of socioeconomic status and health-related behavior in driving medical care spending; and

the role of chronic diseases and disability in health care costs.

HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE COST CONSEQUENCES OF OBESITY

Justin Trogdon (RTI International) described the current costs of obesity in terms of health outcomes and spending among the Medicare population, presenting cross-sectional, lifetime, and recent trend estimates. He also reviewed different types of strategies that modelers have used to estimate costs and forecast the future, both for the prevalence and health consequences of obesity and how obesity impacts projections of Medicare spending.

Health Consequences of Obesity

Obesity has the attention of researchers and policy makers. It is associated with increased risk for many chronic conditions, such as hypertension, high cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, among others. Obesity impacts nearly every major system in the body. It is, in itself, an outcome of several different behavioral and policy decisions; it is also an input into chronic disease.

Improved treatment for many of the conditions associated with obesity means that, in some sense, an obese person in 2010 is “healthier” than an obese person in 1950 or probably even 1980. That is good from a morbidity and health status point of view, but such improvements have been achieved often at increased health care cost. Statins to reduce cholesterol and other drugs to lower blood pressure, for example, are not cheap. Also, improved treatment may or may not lead to major changes in health outcomes such as mortality.

Years of Life Lost

Does obesity shorten life expectancy? Trogdon summarized research he and colleagues conducted in which they calculated years of life lost associated with obesity using life tables by