Explain the factors that support the growth of dense
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Pollutants also contribute to environmental stress, limiting the growth rates of populations. Although each species has specific tolerances for environmental toxins, amphibians in general are particularly susceptible to pollutants in the environment. For example, pesticides and other endocrine disrupting toxins can strongly control the growth of amphibians (Blaustein et al. 2003). These chemicals are used to control agricultural pests but also run into freshwater streams and ponds where amphibians live and breed. They affect the amphibians both with direct increases in mortality and indirect limitation in growth, development, and reduction in fecundity. Rohr et al. (2003) found, among many other examples, that these compounds affect salamander embryo survival in affected ponds, increased deformities, and delayed development and growth, lengthening their vulnerability to predators by remaining small sized for longer periods. These effects limit population growth irrespective of the size of the amphibian population and are not limited to pesticides but also include pH and thermal pollution, herbicides, fungicides, heavy metal contaminations, etc.
Environmental catastrophes such as fires, earthquakes, volcanoes and floods can strongly affect population growth rates via direct mortality and habitat destruction. A large-scale natural catastrophe occurred in 2005 when hurricane Katrina impacted the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico in the southern United States. Katrina altered habitat for coastal vegetation by depositing more than 5 cm of sediment over the entire coastal wetland zone. In these areas, substantial improvement in the quality of wetlands for plant growth occurred after many years of wetland loss due to control of the Mississippi River flow (Turner et al. 2006). At the same time, however, almost 100 km2 of wetland was destroyed and converted to open sea, completely eliminating wetland vegetation (Day et al. 2007). More recently the Gulf oil spill in 2010 has again impacted the coastal wetland vegetation. Though human derived, this large-scale environmental disaster will have long-term impacts on the population growth of not only vegetation but all organisms in the wetlands and nearshore regions of the Gulf of Mexico.
Pollutants also contribute to environmental stress, limiting the growth rates of populations. Although each species has specific tolerances for environmental toxins, amphibians in general are particularly susceptible to pollutants in the environment. For example, pesticides and other endocrine disrupting toxins can strongly control the growth of amphibians (Blaustein et al. 2003). These chemicals are used to control agricultural pests but also run into freshwater streams and ponds where amphibians live and breed. They affect the amphibians both with direct increases in mortality and indirect limitation in growth, development, and reduction in fecundity. Rohr et al. (2003) found, among many other examples, that these compounds affect salamander embryo survival in affected ponds, increased deformities, and delayed development and growth, lengthening their vulnerability to predators by remaining small sized for longer periods. These effects limit population growth irrespective of the size of the amphibian population and are not limited to pesticides but also include pH and thermal pollution, herbicides, fungicides, heavy metal contaminations, etc.
Environmental catastrophes such as fires, earthquakes, volcanoes and floods can strongly affect population growth rates via direct mortality and habitat destruction. A large-scale natural catastrophe occurred in 2005 when hurricane Katrina impacted the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico in the southern United States. Katrina altered habitat for coastal vegetation by depositing more than 5 cm of sediment over the entire coastal wetland zone. In these areas, substantial improvement in the quality of wetlands for plant growth occurred after many years of wetland loss due to control of the Mississippi River flow (Turner et al. 2006). At the same time, however, almost 100 km2 of wetland was destroyed and converted to open sea, completely eliminating wetland vegetation (Day et al. 2007). More recently the Gulf oil spill in 2010 has again impacted the coastal wetland vegetation. Though human derived, this large-scale environmental disaster will have long-term impacts on the population growth of not only vegetation but all organisms in the wetlands and nearshore regions of the Gulf of Mexico.
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