Explain the factors which determine crop variety improvement is donelain the different kinds of manure
Answers
Most states or regions have developed tables for estimates of mineral rates based on the common types of manure handling methods, typical manure application windows, and typical environmental conditions that affect mineral. These tables can vary significantly from state to state. The following options can help you find the resources based on research in your state:
Contact your local or state extension service
Do a web search for "manure nutrient availability" plus your state's name and select extension publications (education addresses) from the list
State Specific Nutrient Management Resources
The sections below will discuss common calculations and rules of thumb.
Organic Forms of Nutrients and Mineral Rates
Not all of the nutrients in manure are directly plant available. Organic forms must be mineral into inorganic, or “plant-available” forms--such as nitrate. The rate of this mineral changes depending on soil type, moisture, temperature, manure composition, and other factors. Researchers continue to improve and refine predictions, but it is still necessary to use assumptions and estimates when defining miner rates. Organic forms of nitrogen will continue to and become available to crops in years 2, 3, and even 4 after the initial application. Most availability tables will provide calculations to use when calculating nutrient availability in subsequent years.
Environmental Losses of Nutrients
There are some inherent losses of nutrients to the environment during and after manure application. The three macro nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), each have unique characteristics with respect to expected losses. These losses vary by manure application method (sub-surface injection versus surface application).
Nitrogen is the most dynamic nutrient when it comes to potential loss. Some of the N in manure is in ammonia form or is readily be converted to this form after application. Ammonia is volatile (quickly changes to gas and disperses to the atmosphere) and losses of ammonia from land-applied manure can be significant. Many of the state availability tables (referenced previously) have coefficients describing ammonia and other nutrient losses based on animal species, manure handling system, and manure application method. Some states will vary the N-availability tables for ammonia based on the time (usually hours or days) after manure application if the manure has been left on the ground surface.
Manure Collection, Storage, and Treatment Losses
How manure is managed on the farm will affect the nutrient availability once land applied. The more highly treated or processed the manure is, the more the nutrients are bound up chemically or organically and the less plant available they become. Some treatment and storage processes enhance organic nutrient development whereas others decrease it.
Composting manure is a treatment that results in a high degree of manure processing with a high resulting level of organic nutrients. Thus, the nutrients (especially nitrogen) are usually much less plant available at the time of application and must be over the course of several years to become plant available. Some forms of solids removal, including chemical precipitation, also result in manure nutrients being physically or chemically tied up and thus more slowly plant available.
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Crop Variety Improvement➫ The development of plants with better agronomic & disease resistant characters to increase the yeild per acre.
❱ The different strains should be able to show maximum productivity under any diverse condition.
❱ It can be done either by hybridisation or by introducing a gene.
➧ The factors & Importance of crop variety improvement are:-
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❱ It reduces the cost of crop production.
❱ It allows the farmers to grow multiple crops in a year.
❱ It increase the productivity of the crop.
❱ To improves quality in the crop production.
❱ To change in maturity duration.
❱ It helps in stabilising the crop production under different environmental conditions.
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