explain the following term cumbtion,oxidation, substitution, addition,esterphication,sephonification
Answers
Answer:
a]Hydrogenation reaction:
Hydrogenation, chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen and an element or compound, ordinarily in the presence of a catalyst. The reaction may be one in which hydrogen simply adds to a double or triple bond connecting two atoms in the structure of the molecule or one in which the addition of hydrogen results in dissociation (breaking up) of the molecule (called hydrogenolysis, or destructive hydrogenation). Typical hydrogenation reactions include the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen to form ammonia and the reaction of hydrogen and carbon monoxide to form methanol or hydrocarbons, depending on the choice of catalyst.
The catalysts most commonly used for hydrogenation reactions are the metals nickel, platinum, and palladium and their oxides. For high-pressure hydrogenations, copper chromite and nickel supported on kieselguhr (loose or porous diatomite) are extensively used.
b]Oxidation reaction:
Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.
Oxidation occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is increased. The opposite process is called reduction, which occurs when there is a gain of electrons or the oxidation state of an atom, molecule, or ion decreases.
An example of a reaction is that between hydrogen and fluorine gas to form hydrofluoric acid:
H2 + F2 → 2 HF
In this reaction, hydrogen is being oxidized and fluorine is being reduced. The reaction may be better understood if it is written in terms of two half-reactions.
H2 → 2 H+ + 2 e-
F2 + 2 e- → 2 F-
Note there is no oxygen anywhere in this reaction!
c]Substitution reaction:
Substitution reaction (also known as single displacement reaction or single substitution reaction) is a chemical reaction during which one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced by another functional group.[1][2]Substitution reactions are of prime importance in organic chemistry. Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are classified either as electrophilic or nucleophilic depending upon the reagent involved. There are other classifications as well that are mentioned below.
Organic substitution reactions are classified in several main organic reaction types depending on whether the reagentthat brings about the substitution is considered an electrophile or a nucleophile, whether a reactive intermediateinvolved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical or whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. Detailed understanding of a reaction type helps to predict the product outcome in a reaction. It also is helpful for optimizing a reaction with regard to variables such as temperature and choice of solvent.
A good example of a substitution reaction is halogenation. When chlorine gas (Cl-Cl) is irradiated, some of the molecules are split into two chlorine radicals (Cl.) whose free electrons are strongly nucleophilic. One of them breaks a weak C-H covalent bond and grabs the liberated proton to form the electrically neutral H-Cl. The other radical reforms a covalent bond with the CH3. to form CH3Cl (methyl chloride).
d]Saponification reaction:
Usually, saponification is a process by which triglycerides are reacted with sodium or potassium hydroxide (lye) to produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt, called 'soap'. The triglycerides are most often animal fats or vegetable oils. When sodium hydroxide is used, a hard soap is produced. Using potassium hydroxide results in a soft soap.
Lipids that contain fatty acid ester linkages can undergo hydrolysis. This reaction is catalyzed by a strong acid or base. Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters. The mechanism of saponification is:
Nucleophilic attack by the hydroxideLeaving group removalDeprotonationSaponification Example
The chemical reaction between any fat and sodium hydroxide is a saponification reaction.
triglyceride + sodium hydroxide (or potassium hydroxide) → glycerol + 3 soap molecules
e]Combustion reaction:
A
Explanation:
1. Comnustion - burning of compounds in presence of oxygen.
2. Oxidation - addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen is called oxidation.
3. substitution - removal of hydrogen and addition of any other element in place of it.
4. Addition - Addition of hydrogen aton to an unsaturated hydrocarbon .
5. Esterification - Formation of ester by mixing of alcohol and carboxylic acid .
Its general formula is R-COO-R'
6. Saponification - The process of formation of soap is called saponification.
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