explain the four changes which came in the nationalism towards the last quarter of the 19 century
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Answer:
Rising Nationalism was a fundamental underlying cause of World War I. Before discussing how nationalism raised tensions in Europe, let’s clarify the definitions of a “nation,” a “state,” and a “country”. Though people often mistakenly equate the two, a “country” is not the same as a “nation.” Nations typically share a common language, history, and cultural traditions. So, a nation is like an ethnic group historically connected to a territory or a homeland. But a nation may or may not have political control, or sovereignty, over its traditional territory. So, a nation may not have its own country. On the other hand, a “country” is pretty much the same as a “state”, and it has the highest political authority over a territory. A country may consist of many separate nations, as was true in Europe on the eve of World War I. “Nationalism” then is when people identify with their nation and seek to create a country that matches national boundaries or expand their existing country’s borders to include more of their national group. Let’s look at some examples of nations in Europe.
Languages in Austria-Hungary at the start of World War I
German
Hungarian
Czech
POlish
Rutherian
Romanian
Croat
Slovak
Serb
Italian
Slovene
24%
20%
24%
10%
8%
6%
5%
4%
4%
3%
3%
European countries at the end of the 19th century often included multiple nations. The state of Belgium, for example, included two main national groups, the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons. In many countries, one powerful national group dominated over smaller minority nations. For example, in addition to the large Russian nation, the country of Russia included, at the turn of the 19th century, many different minority nations, including Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Azerbaijanis, Ukrainians, Georgians, and more. Though a minority German-speaking national group ruled the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, the country consisted of various other nations, such as Hungarians, Italians, Slovaks, Czechs, Croatians, Slovenes, Romanians, and Serbs. In total, the Austrian-Hungarian Empire included 13 nations, 16 languages and 5 religions. The ruling Hapsburg monarchy unified Austria-Hungary, but language, religion, and culture did not. Like Russia and Austria-Hungary, most European countries expanded under the leadership of one dominant national group.