explain the importance of river as an organ of ancient heritage
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The inner valleys of some great alluvial rivers contain the sites of ancestral permanent settlements, including pioneer cities. Sedentary settlement in Hither Asia began about 10,000 years ago at the site of Arīḥā (ancient Jericho). Similar settlement in the Tigris-Euphrates and Nile valleys dates back to at least 6000 BP (years before present). The first settlers are thought to have practiced a hunting economy, supplemented by harvesting of wild grain. Conversion to the management of domesticated animals and the cultivation of food crops provided the surpluses that made possible the rise of towns, with parts of their populations freed from direct dependence on food getting. Civilization in the Indus River valley, prominently represented at Mohenjo-daro, dates from about 4500 BP, while civilization in the Ganges valley can be traced to approximately 3000 BP. Permanent settlement in the valley of the Huang He has a history some 4,000 years long, and the first large irrigation system in the Yangtze catchment dates to roughly the same time. Greek invaders of the Syr Darya, Amu Darya, and other valleys draining to the Aral Sea, east of the Caspian, encountered irrigating communities that had developed from about 2300 BP onward.