Explain the important features of Himadri ; Himachal ; Shiwalik .
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Answer:
[a] Himadri (Greater Himalaya)
This is the northernmost and the highest range of the Himalayas.
This is the only range of the Himalaya whichmaintains its continuity from west to east.
The core of this range is made up of granite rocksand flanked by metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
The extent of this range is between the Nanga Parbat peak (8126 m.) in the west and Namcha Barva peak (7756 m.) in the east.
The average height of this range from sea level is about 6100 meters.
Over 100 peaks have a height of more than the average height of the range.
The highest peak of the world, Mount Everest, (8848 m) is situated in this range.
Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna are some of the other peaks having a height of more than 8000 meters.
Kanchenjunga is the highest peak of the Himalayas in India.
The Himadri range is snow clad throughout the year.
There are a number of large and small glaciers.
After melting of snow and ice, their waterfalls in the rivers of northern India making them perennial throughout the year.
Gangotri and Yamunotri are good examples of such glaciers.
The Himadri range can be crossed through some passes like Zojila, Shipkila, Niti, Nathula, etc.
[b] Himachal (Lesser or Middle Himalaya)
It is located southwards of Himadri.
The breadth of Himachal range is 60 to 80 km and the height varies from 1000 meters to 4500 meters.
Some of the peaks of this range have a height of more than 5000 meters.
This range is highly dissected and uneven.
This range mainly consists of metamorphosed rocks.
The gentle slopes of the eastern part of this range are covered with dense forests.
The south-facing slopes of other parts of this range are very steep and generally devoid of any vegetation.
The north facing gentle slopes of this range are covered by dense vegetation.
Pir Panjal in Jammu &Kashmir and Dhauladhar inHimachal Pradesh are the local names of this range.
The beautiful valley of Kashmir extends between the Pir Panjal and Himadri ranges.
The famous valley of Kullu and Kangra are also a part of Himachal ranges.
Most of the hill towns or resort towns are located in the Himachal range.
Shimla, Nainital, Mussoorie, Almora and Darjeelingare some such famous hill towns.
[c] Siwalik (Outer Himalaya)
The southernmost range of Himalayas is known as Siwalik.
The Himadri and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas have been formed much before the formation of the Siwalik range.
The rivers rising in the Himadri and Himachal ranges brought gravel, sand and mud along with them, which was deposited in the rapidly shrinking Tethys Sea.
In the course of time, the earth movements caused the folding of these relatively fresh deposits of sediments, giving rise to the least consolidatedSiwalik range.
The average height of the Siwalik range is very low, about 600 meters only.
There are some broad valleys in between the Himachal and the Siwalik ranges.
These valleys are known as ‘duns’.
Dehradun valley is one of the best examples.
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Answer:
The features of Himadri are:
1. It is the northern most range of Himalayas, also called the great or inner Himalayas
2. It includes the most prominent Himalayan peaks.
3. It consists of granite.
4. Many glaciers descend from Himadri.
5. The average range of mountains found here is 6,000 metres
features of himachal
1. ranges are mainly composed of highly compressed and altered rocks.
2. average height of around 3700m to 4500m above sea level, and extend over a width of 50 km
3. important hill stations like shimla,nainital etc. belongs to this range.
4. Pir panjal , Dhaula dhar and Mahabharat ranges are most important ranges.
features of shiwaliks :
1. it is outermost range of himalayas.
2. some narrow valleys are found between shiwaliks and himachal . they are called "duns". for ex : dehradun
3. it is made of unconsolidated material such as mud , slit and soft rocks.
4. it is prone to earthquakes and landslides
5. average altitude varies between 900m and 1100m above sea level, and extend over a width of 1050 km