explain the lewius meththod
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☆☞ Lewis dot structure is the representation of molecules and ions in terms of the shared pairs of electrons and the octet rule.
Steps to write Lewis dot structure are as follows:
· Sum of the valence electrons of the combining atoms = Total number of electrons required to write the structure
· One negative charge = One extra electron
One positive charge = One less electron
· Chemical symbol of the atoms and the skeletal structure of the compound should be known.
· The least electronegative atom occupies the central position of the molecule/ion.
· Utilisation of shared pairs to electrons: First for single bonds, then for the formation of multiple bond or lone pair
☆☞ Lewis representation of some molecules: is in attachment!
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The D/L method of resetting targets in rain-affected one-day cricket matches was trialled successfully during 1997 by the International Cricket Council (ICC), the ECB (England & Wales Cricket Board) and the Zimbabwe Cricket Union (ZCU). It has already been chosen for use in 1998 by the ECB, the ZCU and New Zealand.
The method is the invention of Frank Duckworth and Tony Lewis. Frank is a consultant statistician and editor of the Royal Statistical Society's monthly news magazine, RSS NEWS. Tony is a lecturer in mathematical subjects in the Faculty of Computer Studies and Mathematics at the University of the West of England, Bristol and chairman of the Western Branch of the Operational Research Society
Following the experience of the method's application in 1997 they have introduced a few modifications designed to make the method's use even simpler. This article provides a summary of the way the method works.
Contrary to the belief in some quarters, it does not require a degree in mathematics either to understand it or to use it! Although a purpose-written computer program is available to countries adopting the system to enable calculations to be performed speedily and accurately, this is not necessary. All calculations can easily be performed using nothing more than a single table of numbers and a pocket calculator. With a little practice there is no reason why anyone should not be able to calculate the revised targets more-or-less instantly. The authors firmly believe that the method is simple enough that it could be adopted for use at all levels of limited overs cricket
Basis of the method
The D/L method works using the notion that teams have two resources with which to make as many runs as they can - these are the number of overs they have still to receive and the number of wickets they have in hand. From any stage in their innings, their further run-scoring capability depends on both these two resources in combination. The single table gives the percentage of these combined resources that remain for any number of overs left and wickets lost. An extract of the over-by-over table is given in Table 1. (A ball-by-ball version of the table has also been produced to enable scorers to deal with instances when play is interrupted mid-over.)
When a match is shortened after it has begun, the resources of one or both teams are depleted and the two teams usually have different amounts of resource for their innings. In this case a revised target must be set. The D/L method does this in accordance with the relative run-scoring resources available to the two teams. If stoppages cause the team batting second (referred to here as Team 2) to have less resources available, as is more often than not the case, then their target will be revised downwards. If, on the other hand, as often happens when Team 1's innings has been interrupted, the stoppages result in Team 2 having more resources available, then their target is revised upwards to compensate for the extra resources they have at their disposal.
The D/L method of resetting targets in rain-affected one-day cricket matches was trialled successfully during 1997 by the International Cricket Council (ICC), the ECB (England & Wales Cricket Board) and the Zimbabwe Cricket Union (ZCU). It has already been chosen for use in 1998 by the ECB, the ZCU and New Zealand.
The method is the invention of Frank Duckworth and Tony Lewis. Frank is a consultant statistician and editor of the Royal Statistical Society's monthly news magazine, RSS NEWS. Tony is a lecturer in mathematical subjects in the Faculty of Computer Studies and Mathematics at the University of the West of England, Bristol and chairman of the Western Branch of the Operational Research Society
Following the experience of the method's application in 1997 they have introduced a few modifications designed to make the method's use even simpler. This article provides a summary of the way the method works.
Contrary to the belief in some quarters, it does not require a degree in mathematics either to understand it or to use it! Although a purpose-written computer program is available to countries adopting the system to enable calculations to be performed speedily and accurately, this is not necessary. All calculations can easily be performed using nothing more than a single table of numbers and a pocket calculator. With a little practice there is no reason why anyone should not be able to calculate the revised targets more-or-less instantly. The authors firmly believe that the method is simple enough that it could be adopted for use at all levels of limited overs cricket
Basis of the method
The D/L method works using the notion that teams have two resources with which to make as many runs as they can - these are the number of overs they have still to receive and the number of wickets they have in hand. From any stage in their innings, their further run-scoring capability depends on both these two resources in combination. The single table gives the percentage of these combined resources that remain for any number of overs left and wickets lost. An extract of the over-by-over table is given in Table 1. (A ball-by-ball version of the table has also been produced to enable scorers to deal with instances when play is interrupted mid-over.)
When a match is shortened after it has begun, the resources of one or both teams are depleted and the two teams usually have different amounts of resource for their innings. In this case a revised target must be set. The D/L method does this in accordance with the relative run-scoring resources available to the two teams. If stoppages cause the team batting second (referred to here as Team 2) to have less resources available, as is more often than not the case, then their target will be revised downwards. If, on the other hand, as often happens when Team 1's innings has been interrupted, the stoppages result in Team 2 having more resources available, then their target is revised upwards to compensate for the extra resources they have at their disposal.
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