Explain the major problems and challenges of water resources. (4 points)
Answers
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❤️These hazards may be in the form of increase in water logging, soil sedimentation in reservoirs, damage to forest areas, large scale growth of aquatic weed of nuisance value, displacing wildlife and degradation of valuable landscape etc. Plantations can reduce the impact of water flow on soil erosion.
❤️Closely associated with the overall availability of water resources is the problem of water pollution and human diseases. At present, approximately 20% of the world's population lacks safe drinking water, and nearly half the world population lacks adequate sanitation (GEF 2002, UNESCO 2002).
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Answer:
The major problems of water management and the possible strategies of overcoming them are explained here:
Floods:
Floods refer to the inundation of large parts of land by water, which otherwise remain dry for some duration of time. Flood causes heavy loss to agriculture, livestock and property. Deforestation, overgrazing, mining, industrialisation, global warming, etc. have contributed largely in the incidence of floods.
The best solution to overcome such damage is large scale irrigation projects, which will also protect from other environmental hazards. These hazards may be in the form of increase in water logging, soil sedimentation in reservoirs, damage to forest areas, large scale growth of aquatic weed of nuisance value, displacing wildlife and degradation of valuable landscape etc.
Plantations can reduce the impact of water flow on soil erosion. For water management, Land use State Boards were set-up in 1980 in order to protect the soil and water to enhance their productivity through proper land and water use practices.
Water Logging:
A soil is said to be water logged when it is completely saturated with water, which is caused by water stagnation on flat land and low lying areas. It occurs due to excess rainfall, floods, seepage high water table, obstruction to natural drainage, over irrigation, etc.
In most of the low lying areas, wet conditions persist longer that results in delayed sowing or less crop production. Another impact is that when water dries, salts accumulate on the soil surface resulting in salinity. Since water logging is the second biggest threat to the soil, next to erosion, it is therefore, necessary to study water table fluctuations, groundwater recharge, assessment of seepage from canals, tanks, etc.
Salty Groundwater:
Most parts of the arid and semi-arid regions contain high percentage of sodium salts. Such water is dangerous for agriculture. Continuous use of such water results in the accumulation of sodium salts to produce Usar or alkali soil.
Some of the possible solutions to remove salinity are as follows:
i. Use of gypsum (CaSO4)
ii. Use of molasses, ash and cane sugar extracts
iii. Cultivation of salt resistant varieties
iv. Recharging with good quality of groundwater
Drought:
Drought is a condition of abnormally dry weather within a geographic region.
Some solutions to overcome drought are as follows:
i. Development of additional surface water resources
ii. Direct pumping from streams, rivers and open water bodies
iii. Proper regulation of water use
iv. Increase utilization of ground water resources
v. Efficient distribution of canal water
vi. Irrigation according to requirement of crops
Explanation: