Explain the measure,ratiatal groups.
Answers
Defining Race
The focus on measuring racial discrimination in this report raises an initial question of “What is race?” Defining race is a task far more complex than can be accomplished in this chapter. In fact, there is little consensus on what race actually means (Alba, 1992; for discussions on the meaning of race, see Anderson and Fienberg, 2000; Appiah, 1992; Fredrickson, 2002; Jones, 1997; Loury, 2002; Omi, 2001; Winant, 2001). Therefore, we only briefly describe ways in which race (and ethnicity) may be defined, rather than attempting an in-depth analysis.
, we first summarize biological and social concepts of race. Next, we present background on the history and meaning of race (and ethnicity) in the United States. We then briefly discuss the federal government’s racial and ethnic categories for data collection (which are examined more fully in Chapter 10) and highlight the ambiguities that complicate the definition and measurement of race. We conclude that, for analyzing discrimination and its effects on social, economic, political, and other outcomes for population groups, race is best thought of as a social construct that evolves over time. The discussion here and in the next two chapters makes clear that data on race and ethnicity are necessary—despite measurement problems—for monitoring and analyzing evolving differences and trends among groups in the U.S. population.
BIOLOGICAL DEFINITION
Biological classifications of race were first developed from the work of eighteenth-century naturalists who studied population groups in what had
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