Explain the mechanism of halogenation of benzene.Halogens are deactivating group but ortho and para director.Give reasons.
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दोस्ती किस से न थी किस से मुझे प्यार न था, जब बुरे वक़्त पे देखा तो कोई यार न था।
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Halogens are deactivating yet ortho para directing this is because of the fact they withdraw electrons by -I effect(i.e. they deactivate all the positions) but the deactivation at ortho n para positions is opposed by the +R effect of the halide atom. Benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a catalyst, replacing one of the hydrogen atoms on the ring by a chlorine or bromine atom. The reactions happen at room temperature. The catalyst is either aluminum chloride (or aluminum bromide if you are reacting benzene with bromine) or iron.
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