explain the nitrogen cycle with the help of a systematic diagram
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The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. ... Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.
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Furthermore, nitrogen is a key nutrient element for plants. However, the abundant nitrogen in the atmosphere cannot be used directly by plants or animals. Read on to explore how the Nitrogen cycle makes usable nitrogen available to plants and other living organisms. It involves several processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decay and putrefaction. The nitrogen gas exists in both organic and inorganic forms. Organic nitrogen exists in living organisms, and they get passed through the food chain by the consumption of other living organisms. Inorganic forms of nitrogen are found in abundance in the atmosphere. This nitrogen is made available to plants by symbiotic bacteria which can convert the inert nitrogen into a usable form – such as nitrites and nitrates. Nitrogen undergoes various types of transformation to maintain a balance in the ecosystem. Furthermore, this process extends to various biomes, with the marine nitrogen cycle being one of the most complicated biogeochemical cycle. Process of Nitrogen Cycle consists of the following steps – Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, Assimilation, Ammonification, and Denitrification. These processes take place in several stages and are explained below: It is the initial step of the nitrogen cycle. Here, Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) which is primarily available in an inert form, is converted into the usable form -ammonia. During the process of Nitrogen fixation, the inert form of nitrogen gas is deposited into soils from the atmosphere and surface waters, mainly through precipitation. Later, the nitrogen undergoes a set of changes, in which two nitrogen atoms get separated and combines with hydrogen to form ammonia. Azotobacter and Rhizobium also have a major role in this process. These bacteria consist of a nitrogenase enzyme which has the capability to combine gaseous nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia. Nitrogen fixation can occur either by the atmospheric fixation- which involves lightening or industrial fixation by manufacturing ammonia under high temperature and pressure condition. Atmospheric fixation: A natural phenomenon where the energy of lightning breaks the nitrogen into nitrogen oxides and is then used by plants. Ammonia is produced by the direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen, and later, it is converted into various fertilisers such as urea. Biological nitrogen fixation: We already know that nitrogen is not usable directly from the air for plants and animals. Bacteria like Rhizobium and blue-green algae transform the unusable form of nitrogen into other compounds that are more readily usable. These nitrogen compounds get fixed in the soil by these microbes. plants take in the nitrogen compounds from the soil with the help of their roots, which are available in the form of ammonia, nitrite ions, nitrate ions or ammonium ions and are used in the formation of the plant and animal proteins.
When plants or animal die, the nitrogen present in the organic matter is released back into the soil. The decomposers, namely bacteria or fungi present in the soil, convert the organic matter back into ammonium. This process of decomposition produces ammonia, which is further used for other biological processes. Denitrification is the process in which the nitrogen compounds makes its way back into the atmosphere by converting nitrate (NO3-) into gaseous nitrogen (N). This process of the nitrogen cycle is the final stage and occurs in the absence of oxygen. The process of the nitrogen cycle occurs in the same manner in the marine ecosystem as in the terrestrial ecosystem. The only difference is that it is carried out by marine bacteria. Nitrogen is also cycled by human activities such as combustion of fuels and the use of nitrogen fertilisers. These processes, increase the levels of nitrogen-containing compounds in the atmosphere. The fertilisers containing nitrogt in the atmosphere, but it is unusable to plants or animals unless it is converted into nitrogen compounds. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria play a crucial role in fixing the atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that can be used by the plants.
The plants absorb the usable nitrogen compounds from the soil through their roots. Then, these nitrogen compounds are used for the production of proteins and other compounds in the cell.
Animals assimilate nitrogen by consuming these plants or other animals that contain nitrogen. .
During the final stages of the nitrogen cycle, bacteria and fungi help decompose organic matter, where the nitrogenous compounds get dissolved into the soil which is again used by the plants.
Some bacteria then convert these nitrogenous compounds in the soil and turn it into nitrogen gas. Eventually, it goes back to the atmosphere.
These set of processes repeat continuously and thus maintain the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere.
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