Explain the process of germination in seeds with the help of diagram. Also describe the importance of air, water and warmth in the process.
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Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure. The most common example of germination is the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm. In addition, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of hyphae from fungal spores, is also germination. Thus, in a general sense, germination can be thought of as anything expanding into greater being from a small existence or germ.
Most seeds do not need sunlight to germinate but some seeds such as sunflower seeds, mustard seeds and blosnian seeds need sunlight to successfully germinate. Experiments were carried out to prove this.
IntroductionEdit

A seed tray used in horticulture for sowing and taking plant cuttings and growing plugs

Germination glass (glass sprouter jar) with a plastic sieve-lid

Brassica campestris germinating seeds
Play media
Germination is usually the growth of a plant contained within a seed; it results in the formation of the seedling, it is also the process of reactivation of metabolic machinery of the seed resulting in the emergence of radicle and plumule. The seed of a vascular plant is a small package produced in a fruit or cone after the union of male and female reproductive cells. All fully developed seeds contain an embryo and, in most plant species some store of food reserves, wrapped in a seed coat. Some plants produce varying numbers of seeds that lack embryos; these are called and never germinate. Dormant seeds are ripe seeds that do not germinate because they are subject to external environmental conditions that prevent the initiation of metabolic processes and cell growth. Under proper conditions, the seed begins to germinate and the embryonic tissues resume growth, developing towards a seedling.
-Step 1- Water imbibition, the uptake of water, results in rupture of seed coat.
-Step 2-The imbibition of the seed coat results in emergence of the radicle (1) and the plumule(2), the cotyledons get unfolded(3).
-Step 3-This marks the final step in the germination of the seed where the cotyledons are expanded which are the true leaves/peasNote- Temperature must be kept at an optimum level.
Seed germination depends on both internal and external conditions. The most important external factors include right temperature, water, oxygen or air and sometimes light or darkness.[1] Various plants require different variables for successful seed germination. Often this depends on the individual seed variety and is closely linked to the ecological conditions of a plant's natural habitat. For some seeds, their future germination response is affected by environmental conditions during seed formation; most often these responses are types of seed dormancy.
Water is required for germination. Mature seeds are often extremely dry and need to take in significant amounts of water, relative to the dry weight of the seed, before cellular metabolism and growth can resume. Most seeds need enough water to moisten the seeds but not enough to soak them. The uptake of water by seeds is called imbibition, which leads to the swelling and the breaking of the seed coat. When seeds are formed, most plants store a food reserve with the seed, such as starch, proteins, or oils. This food reserve provides nourishment to the growing embryo. When the seed imbibes water, hydrolytic enzymes are activated which break down these stored food resources into metabolically useful chemicals.
Oxygen is required by the germinating seed for metabolism.[2] Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration, the main source of the seedling's energy until it grows leaves.[1]Oxygen is an atmospheric gas that is found in soil pore spaces; if a seed is buried too deeply within the soil or the soil is waterlogged, the seed can be oxygen starved
Temperature affects cellular metabolic and growth rates. Seeds from different species and even seeds from the same plant germinate over a wide range of temperatures
Most seeds do not need sunlight to germinate but some seeds such as sunflower seeds, mustard seeds and blosnian seeds need sunlight to successfully germinate. Experiments were carried out to prove this.
IntroductionEdit

A seed tray used in horticulture for sowing and taking plant cuttings and growing plugs

Germination glass (glass sprouter jar) with a plastic sieve-lid

Brassica campestris germinating seeds
Play media
Germination is usually the growth of a plant contained within a seed; it results in the formation of the seedling, it is also the process of reactivation of metabolic machinery of the seed resulting in the emergence of radicle and plumule. The seed of a vascular plant is a small package produced in a fruit or cone after the union of male and female reproductive cells. All fully developed seeds contain an embryo and, in most plant species some store of food reserves, wrapped in a seed coat. Some plants produce varying numbers of seeds that lack embryos; these are called and never germinate. Dormant seeds are ripe seeds that do not germinate because they are subject to external environmental conditions that prevent the initiation of metabolic processes and cell growth. Under proper conditions, the seed begins to germinate and the embryonic tissues resume growth, developing towards a seedling.
-Step 1- Water imbibition, the uptake of water, results in rupture of seed coat.
-Step 2-The imbibition of the seed coat results in emergence of the radicle (1) and the plumule(2), the cotyledons get unfolded(3).
-Step 3-This marks the final step in the germination of the seed where the cotyledons are expanded which are the true leaves/peasNote- Temperature must be kept at an optimum level.
Seed germination depends on both internal and external conditions. The most important external factors include right temperature, water, oxygen or air and sometimes light or darkness.[1] Various plants require different variables for successful seed germination. Often this depends on the individual seed variety and is closely linked to the ecological conditions of a plant's natural habitat. For some seeds, their future germination response is affected by environmental conditions during seed formation; most often these responses are types of seed dormancy.
Water is required for germination. Mature seeds are often extremely dry and need to take in significant amounts of water, relative to the dry weight of the seed, before cellular metabolism and growth can resume. Most seeds need enough water to moisten the seeds but not enough to soak them. The uptake of water by seeds is called imbibition, which leads to the swelling and the breaking of the seed coat. When seeds are formed, most plants store a food reserve with the seed, such as starch, proteins, or oils. This food reserve provides nourishment to the growing embryo. When the seed imbibes water, hydrolytic enzymes are activated which break down these stored food resources into metabolically useful chemicals.
Oxygen is required by the germinating seed for metabolism.[2] Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration, the main source of the seedling's energy until it grows leaves.[1]Oxygen is an atmospheric gas that is found in soil pore spaces; if a seed is buried too deeply within the soil or the soil is waterlogged, the seed can be oxygen starved
Temperature affects cellular metabolic and growth rates. Seeds from different species and even seeds from the same plant germinate over a wide range of temperatures
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Seed Germination
- Seed germination is the process by which many plant species develop from a single seed into a plant.
- This process has an impact on both crop productivity and quality.
- A common example of seed germination is the sprouting of a seedling from an angiosperm or gymnosperm seed.
The Seed Germination Process :
- Imbibition: the seed is filled with water.
- The water initiates the plant's growth by activating enzymes.
- The seed develops a root to gain access to subsurface water.
- The seed produces shoots that develop in the direction of the sun.
- The shoots develop leaves and begin the process of photomorphogenesis.
Conclusion:
Germination is the process by which a mature seed is activated after a period of hibernation and sprouts its first little root and shoot.
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